4001 LIMNOLOGY
An introduction to modern quantitative concepts of fresh water ecology. Emphasis will be placed on field and laboratory studies of local freshwater habitats.
Prereq: Biology 2101, 2301, 2401; Chemistry 2131; or permission of the Department.

4101 BEHAVIOURAL ECOLOGY
A course to explore the relationships between animal behaviour and ecology, emphasizing the behavioural strategies which animals have evolved to enhance their survival and to increase their reproductive success. Topics such as foraging, living in groups, resource defense, sexual selection, parental care, mating systems, altruism and communication will be discussed within a neo-Darwinian framework using optimality models and game theory.
Prereq: Biology 3011, 3401; or permission of the Department.

4141 MYCOLOGY
This course will give an overview of true Fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes and Chytridiomycetes), and of the fungus-like Oomycetes. Structure/function relationships will be emphasized, as well as the significance of the various groups in ecology, medicine, plant disease and their use in industry.
Prereq: Biology 3101 (or as a corequisite); or permission of the Department.

4151 VIROLOGY
This is an introductory course on virology that will cover the fundamental features of animal, bacterial, and plant viruses. Lectures will cover the biochemical genetic features of viral structure and replication, techniques used in studying viruses, the evolution of viruses, cell defense against viruses, the history of viruses as the causal agents of animal and plant disease, and current antiviral strategies. The role of viruses as agents of evolutionary change, and their use in modern molecular genetics will also be discussed.
Prereq: Biology 2601, 3101 (Bio 3101 may also be taken as a co-requisite); or permission of the Department.

4201 TOPICS IN COMPARATIVE ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Selected topics in respiratory, cardiovascular and acid-base physiology will be examined in depth in a lecture and seminar course.
Prereq: Biology 3201, 3211; or permission of the Department.

4211 ENDOCRINOLOGY
This is a course that will cover vertebrate hormone systems generally although some aspects of invertebrate systems may be examined. Lectures and seminars will discuss hormone synthesis, control of secretion, modes of secretion and general mechanisms of action. Also, specific hormone systems such as the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, renin-angiotensin system, pituitary-adrenal axis etc., will be examined.
Prereq: Biology 3201 or 3211; or permission of the Department.

4251 SELECTED TOPICS IN BIOLOGY
The course deals with different selected areas in Biology. The course content, format and prerequisites will vary depending on the particular area of biology to be covered.

4301 PHYSIOLOGICAL PLANT ECOLOGY
The emphasis in this course will be on the ways plants respond to their environment. Topics include a discussion of transpiration and heat transfer, photosynthesis in nature, vernalization, photoperiodism and response to stress such as drought, temperature, salinity and pollutants.
Prereq: Biology 2101 and 3941; or permission of the Department.

4371 ADVANCED MARINE SCIENCE
This course provides students who are seriously interested in marine science with an opportunity for indepth study of selected topics from the most progressive areas of marine science. Depending on student interest all or some of the following areas will be addressed: advances in biological, geological, chemical and physical oceanography and methodology (e.g. application of remote technology in marine exploration, ultra-clean methods of measuring trace nutrients). Emphasis will be placed on specific topics whose progress carries global significance and may include ocean/ atmosphere interactions, sustainable fisheries, integrative aquaculture, marine ecological engineering, etc.
Prereq: Two of Biology 3351, 3361 or 3371; or permission of the Department.

4511 TOPICS IN INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY
A course allowing detailed study into several aspects of invertebrate zoology. Each student will be expected to research a specific group of invertebrates thoroughly, and to communicate this information to the other members of the class. In addition, the student will undertake a laboratory study of a topic of interest in invertebrate zoology.
Prereq: Biology 2401; or permission of the Department.

4701 TROPICAL MARINE BIOLOGY
This lecture and field course will introduce students to the fauna, flora and complex interactions in tropical habitats and allow independent research in such habitats. Habitats explored will be coral reefs, reef lagoons, mangrove swamps and rocky shores. Ecological and behavioural interactions of organisms in those areas will be stressed. The field component of this course will take place at a field station in the Caribbean for twelve days that include March break.

The course will include six, 3 hour lectures and two weeks at the Field Station. Students will pay all costs of transportation, room, board and lab fees for this expedition.
Prereq: Biology 2101, 2401, 3301; and permission of the Department.

4711 ADVANCED BIOMETRICS
This course deals with the collection and analysis of biological data. Throughout the course, the model-comparison approach will be used, using both parametric and non-parametric techniques. The different ap-proaches to hypothesis testing as developed by Fisher, Neyman-Pearson and Bayes, simple power calculations and an introduction to computer-intensive methods (Monte Carlo, Bootstrap, etc.) will be presented. Examples discussed during lectures or assignments will be analyzed with SYSTAT and Resampling Stats. Both programs will be available on Maclab computers. The course is intended for students who have taken an introductory course in statistics, and who are familiar with the basic assumptions of classical statistical analysis. The range of topics covered depends to some extent on the interest and experience of the participants.
Prereq: Biology 3701; or permission of the Department.

4903 CURRENT ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY
A seminar course for Honours students in Biology which will critically evaluate a wide range of topics from the current literature in all branches of biological science. Students will be expected to deliver seminars on topics outside their thesis area and present preliminary thesis results.
Coreq: Registration in Biology 4990; or permission of the Department.

4950 SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOLOGY
A course to permit an advanced student to pursue a special field of study, or to take advantage of a different approach under the direction of an appropriate staff member. Each student's programme will be planned individually using lectures, reading, tutorials, laboratory work, etc.
Prereq: Permission of the Department. Each student must obtain, prior to registration, consent of a staff member who is willing to be a supervisor.

4990 THESIS
The thesis requires a report on one or more laboratory, library or field investigations carried out by arrangement with and under the direction of an appropriate member of the staff. This course is open only to candidates for Honours in Biology in their senior year. A minimum grade of B is required in this course for successful completion of an honours degree.
Prereq: Consent of supervising staff member prior to registration and permission of the Department.

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