Chemistry

Chemistry is the branch of physical science involving the study of the composition of substances, the ways in which their properties are related to their composition, and the interaction of substances to produce new materials. This subject occupies a central place among the sciences - it draws on the facts and theories of physics, and on mathematics for the tools necessary to evaluate and express quantitative chemical information. Chemistry in turn, provides terminology, facts, principles and methods that are essential to many aspects of biology and geology. The applications of chemistry in fields such as agriculture, medicine, pharmacology, pharmacy, engineering and oceanography are numerous.

The undergraduate programme is designed to provide students with an education in the main branches of the subject, namely, analytical, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry. The broad objectives of the Department are summarized in the following definition of education:

Education is learning to appraise data critically, to try to think up an intellectual framework, to be able to test it, to be able to marshal facts, to be able to write about them, to be able to communicate with people who may - and almost certainly will - have less knowledge of those facts than you have, because they will be asking you questions about them with a view to taking some action. (F. Dainton)

Students interested in pursuing a Major or Minor in Chemistry or Chemistry Honours, should consult the Departmental Handbook and a faculty member of the department before completion of registration.

Disciplinary B.Sc. Programmes

MINOR in Chemistry is 24 credits earned as follows:

6	from Chemistry 1001 , 1021
3	from Mathematics 1111
9	from Chemistry at the 2000 level*
6	from Chemistry at the 3/4000 levels

*Where insufficient Chemistry courses are available at the 2000 level to fulfill this requirement, Chemistry courses at the 3/4000 levels may be substituted

MAJOR AREA OF STUDY in Chemistry is 60 credits earned as follows:

6	from Chemistry 1001, 1021
9	from Math 1111, 1121, 2111
3	from Math or Computer Science
6	from Physics 1051, 1551
12	from Chemistry 2111, 2121, 2211, 2311
12	from Chemistry 3231, 3321, 3411, 3421
12	from Chemistry at the 3/4000 level, chosen in consultation with the Program Advisor.

THE CHEMISTRY HONOURS PROGRAMME

Students with a special interest in Chemistry and those who, after obtaining the B.Sc. degree, wish to continue their studies at the post-graduate level, should consider following the Chemistry Honours programme. The courses required for the B.Sc. Chemistry Honours degree are all listed below. The required chemistry credits are ones that provide for study of the main branches of Chemistry in some depth. The required twelve credits from Mathematics and the six credits from Physics give minimum background essential for work in Chemistry. Honours students are given a special opportunity to participate in chemical research with faculty members in the Thesis (C4990) course. This research is normally carried out in the summer months following the third year.

HONOURS in Chemistry is 84 credits earned as follows:

36	credits as in first 5 lines of Major except that the 3 from Math or Computer Science referred to in line 3 is restricted to Math 2221
24	from Chemistry 3111, 3121, 3231, 3241, 3321, 3331, 3411, 3421
6	from Chemistry 4990
18	from Chemistry 3/4000 level or Biochemistry 3/4000 levels (no more than 3 credits from Biochemistry)

CHEMISTRY LABORATORY WORK

All Chemistry courses have laboratory classes of about three hours duration each week, unless otherwise indicated. In the fourth year, only Chemistry 4011, 4021 and 4990 have formalized laboratory components.

GRADUATE STUDIES IN CHEMISTRY

The Department of Chemistry offers a programme of research courses leading to the Master of Science degree. The research interests in the Department are varied and further information can be obtained from the Department Head or from individual faculty members. The requirements for the M.Sc. degree are given in Section 7.4. Individual programmes are arranged, depending on the student's background and interests.

Note: The listing of a course in the calendar is not a guarantee that the course is offered every year.

Note: Students must obtain a grade of at least C- in all courses used to fulfill prerequisite requirements. Otherwise, written permission of the appropriate Department or Programme Coordinator must be obtained.

CHEMISTRY COURSES

CHEM 1001 (3CR)
INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY 1
Atomic theory will be introduced followed by discussion about the periodic table. Chemical bonding will be developed leading to the three-dimensional nature of matter. Thermodynamics, intermolecular forces and solution properties will be covered.
Prereq: None.

CHEM 1021 (3CR)
INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY II
The quantitative nature of chemistry will be developed through a discussion of gases followed by consideration of kinetics and equilibrium. The thermodynamics introduced in the first term will be expanded together with a brief discussion of redox properties and electrochemistry.
Prereq: CHEM 1001; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 1501 (3CR)
CHEMISTRY IN MODERN SOCIETY
Chemistry topics that have bearing on modern living and the environment will be discussed. Fundamental notions of modern chemistry will be developed and links with other disciplines identified.
Prereq: None.

CHEM 2101 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOR THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
An introduction to the structure, reactivity and biological relevance of a variety of functional groups is presented. There will also be an introduction to spectroscopy.
Prereq: CHEM 1021; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 2111, 2121, 2131, 2141, 2151

CHEM 2111 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
Structural basics including aromaticity, resonance, and stereochemistry will be emphasized and developed. An appreciation of the link between structure, mechanism and reactivity will be explored.
Prereq: CHEM 1021; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 2101, 2131, 2141

CHEM 2121 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Functional group chemistry will be used to develop more sophisticated mechanistic skills. Problems in organic synthesis will be studied within a mechanistic context. An introduction to the interpretation of first order proton nmr spectra will be included.
Prereq: CHEM 2111; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 2101, 2131, 2151

CHEM 2211 (3CR)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I: THERMODYNAMICS
An introduction to the laws of thermodynamics and their application to ideal systems, mixtures and chemical reactions, will be provided. Thermochemistry, chemical and phase equilibria and electrochemistry will be discussed.
Prereq: CHEM 1021, MATH 1121 or 1131; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 2221

CHEM 2311 (3CR)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I: COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
Lewis acid-base chemistry and applications to transition metals will be discussed. Concepts covered will include structure and bonding, ligand field theory, magnetism and electronics.
Prereq: CHEM 1021; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 3311

CHEM 2511 (3CR)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY I: INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT
An introduction to environmental chemistry designed for students in a life sciences program will be given. The subject matter will primarily deal with the chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere at an introductory level. Problem solving skills will be stressed.
Prereq: CHEM 1021, MATH 1121 or 1131; or permission of the Department.
Note: CHEM 2511 credit will not fulfill any Chemistry requirements for a minor, major or honours degree in Chemistry.

CHEM 3111 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY III
The common spectroscopic techniques will be introduced in the context of structure elucidation. An introduction to Frontier MO theory, will be described. The application of synthetic reactions to total synthesis will be presented.
Prereq: CHEM 2121; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 3141

CHEM 3121 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IV
Earlier coverage of spectroscopic techniques will be extended so that more interesting structural deductions can be made. Mechanistic and synthetic discussions will be integrated into the lecture material.
Prereq: CHEM 3111; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 3151

CHEM 3231 (3CR)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY II: KINETICS
Physical and chemical applications of kinetics will be discussed. A variety of topics related to reaction mechanisms and dynamics will be covered. Specific topics will include the prediction of kinetic behaviour of different mechanisms, the deduction of mechanisms and the interpretation of activation parameters from experimental data. The effects of varying solvents and catalysts will also be considered.
Prereq: CHEM 2211; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 3221

CHEM 3241 (3CR)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY III: QUANTUM CHEMISTRY
The quantum chemistry of atomic and molecular structures will be introduced.
Prereq: CHEM 1021, MATH 1121 or 1131; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 3211

CHEM 3251 (3CR)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY IV: SPECTROSCOPY
Practical applications of quantum chemistry will be discussed. A survey of the principles of electronic, vibrational and rotational spectroscopy will be presented. Magnetic resonance methods will also be addressed.
Prereq: CHEM 2211, 3241; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 3321 (3CR)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II: MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS
The structure and bonding in main group compounds will be examined. Ionic and covalent bonding will be discussed with respect to Lewis, valence shell electron pair repulsion, valence bond and molecular orbital theories. Periodic trends and a survey of the properties and reactions of the elements of groups 1, 2 and 13 - 18 will also be examined.
Prereq: CHEM 1021, or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 2321

CHEM 3331 (3CR)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY III: ORGANOMETALLICS
The structure, bonding and reactivity of organotransition metal complexes will be examined. Concepts covered will include the 18-electron rule, the isolobal analogy, catalysis, and the role metals play in organic synthesis.
Prereq: CHEM 2311; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 3361 (3CR)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY IV: ADVANCED MAIN GROUP ELEMENTS
Topics in fundamental main group chemistry will be presented. Discussion will focus on synthetic approaches, spectroscopic analysis and structural aspects. An overview of the industrial application of main group chemistry will also be presented. Techniques required for the manipulation of air-sensitive materials will be considered.
Prereq: CHEM 3321; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 3411 (3CR)
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY I
Topics involve the treatment of errors and statistics of measurements, aqueous solutions, complex equilibria (including acid/base and buffer systems), and electrochemistry theory, involving; redox, electrode potentials (ion selective electrodes), and electrogravimetry. Problem solving will be stressed.
Prereq: CHEM 1021, MATH 1121 or 1131; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 3421 (3CR)
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY II: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The theoretical basis, scope and limitations of various instrumental methods of analysis, especially in the areas of Spectroscopy and Chromatography will be introduced, including GC/MS and HPLC for organic compounds, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for metals and UV/VIS for organic and inorganic compounds.
Prereq: PHYS 1551 and CHEM 3411; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 4131 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY
The synthesis of complex organic molecules will be discussed. Topics covered will include conformational analysis, stereoselectivity, transition metal mediated reactions, radical reactions, mechanism and synthetic strategy.
Prereq: CHEM 3121; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 4101

CHEM 4141 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: PHYSICAL ASPECTS
The principles of bonding, structure and mechanisms in organic chemistry will be examined. Topics covered will include models of bonding, acid/base catalysis, linear free-energy relationships, dynamic NMR, concerted reactions and orbital symmetry, transition-state theory and intramolecular dynamics, thermodynamics and molecular motors.
Prereq: CHEM 3111, 3241, 3231; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 4111

CHEM 4151 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: BIOORGANIC
The principles of organic chemistry as they apply to biochemical problems will be presented. Topics covered include enzymic reaction mechanisms, enzyme cofactors, peptide and nucleic acid synthesis, enzymes in organic synthesis.
Prereq: CHEM 3111; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 4161 (3CR)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: THEORETICAL APPROACHES
Zeroth order symmetry - simplified Hückel and molecular orbital calculations will be developed. Calculations are extended to heteroatom - substituted and Möbius structures. An introduction to chemical graph theory will be included.
Prereq: MATH 1121 or 1131, CHEM 3121; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 4121

CHEM 4211 (3CR)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS
The theory of statistical thermodynamics will be developed from the statistical distribution of energy using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law. Partition functions and degeneracy will be calculated from the various contributions to the total energy for simplified models of actual systems. Thermodynamic quantities will then be derived in terms of partition functions.
Prereq: CHEM 2211, 3241, MATH 2111; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 4201

CHEM 4241 (3CR)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: COMPUTATIONAL
A basic knowledge of the methods currently used in computational chemistry will be discussed. Approximations involved in the application of quantum mechanics to chemical systems, and how these approximations can be systematically improved, will be addressed. Practical aspects of computational chemistry programs will also be considered.
Prereq: CHEM 3241, MATH 2111; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 4261 (3CR)
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: MODERN TOPICS
Current topics in physical chemistry will be discussed. Topics include solid-state chemistry, polymer chemistry, colloids and liquid crystals. Experimental techniques currently employed in physical chemistry research will also be addressed.
Prereq: CHEM 3231; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 4341 (3CR)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: PHYSICAL ASPECTS
A significant component will involve applications of group theory in inorganic chemistry for molecular bonding, reaction mechanisms, and IR and Raman spectroscopic transformations for small molecules and ions. Interpretation of multinuclear NMR, EPR, IR and Raman spectra will be explored, while the fundamental aspects of X-ray crystallography will also be discussed.
Prereq: CHEM 3321; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 4311

CHEM 4351 (3CR)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY: BIOINORGANIC
The roles metals play in biochemical systems will be examined. An overview of bioinorganic chemistry and a discussion of metals in medicine will be included.
Prereq: CHEM 3321; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 4431 (3CR)
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: ADVANCED TOPICS IN CHROMATOGRAPHY
The theory and current practical application of the techniques of GC/MS, LC/MS, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) and CE/MS will be surveyed.
Prereq: CHEM 3421; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 4521 (3CR)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
The chemical aspects of the environment will be examined and will draw heavily upon physical, organic, inorganic and analytical chemistry background. The natural chemical compositions and anthropogenic effects on the air, water and soil will be explored. Some of the specific topics that will be covered include, ozone chemistry, smog, acid rain, global climate, DOM, metals, colloids, pE/pH, soil chemistry and wastes.
Prereq: CHEM 2111 or 2101, 2211, 3411; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: CHEM 3011

CHEM 4701 (3CR)
SELECTED TOPICS IN CHEMISTRY
An advanced treatment of a topic not covered by the current course offerings.
Prereq: Permission of the Instructor.

CHEM 4800/4801 (6CR/3CR)
SPECIAL TOPICS IN EXPERIMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Individual experimental projects designed by the student and the supervisor.
Prereq: Permission of the Supervisor.

CHEM 4990 (6CR)
HONOURS THESIS
This will involve an extensive experimental or theoretical study culminating in the writing of a thesis. The research will be conducted under the supervision of a faculty member and will usually be carried out during the summer and the following year.
Prereq: Permission of the Department.

CHEM 5101 (3CR)
GRADUATE LECTURES AND SEMINARS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

CHEM 5111 (3CR)
GRADUATE LECTURES AND SEMINARS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

CHEM 5201 (3CR)
GRADUATE LECTURES AND SEMINARS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I

CHEM 5213 (3CR)
GRADUATE LECTURES AND SEMINARS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY II

CHEM 5301 (3CR)
GRADUATE LECTURES AND SEMINARS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

CHEM 5313 (3CR)
GRADUATE LECTURES AND SEMINARS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

Prereq: for Graduate Courses: Registration in the M.Sc. Program

CHEM 5990 (6CR)
M.SC. THESIS IN CHEMISTRY