ANTH 1011 (3CR)
INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
The course is designed to introduce students to the major fields of anthropology (physical, archaeological, linguistic and cultural) and to the major domains of cultural and social anthropology (types of society, social change, and political, economic, kinship and religious institutions).
Exclusion: SOAN 1011

ANTH 2501 (3CR)
ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
A study of the various types of society, both past and present, that have emerged or been transformed through their interaction with their environments. The course will explore features associated with the major forms of society from foraging, through horticultural and agrarian, to industrial and post-industrial societal types. It will explore such themes as demography, resource exploitation, ecological adaptation, energy access, and environmental impact, in the context of social organization and societal formation.
Prereq: Anthropology 1011 and 3 credits in Social Science; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: SOAN 2501

ANTH 2521 (3CR)
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT
An examination of development issues at the global and local levels, with emphasis on gender and indigenous peoples. The focus will fall on such questions as "What is development?" and "Who benefits?" The course reviews the contribution of applied anthropology, participatory action research, and popular education to development models, theory, and praxis.
Prereq: ANTH 1011 and 3 credits in Social Science; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: SOAN 2521

ANTH 3031 (3CR)
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS: THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
This course explores the epistemology of systems of knowledge of Indigenous Peoples throughout the world. We ask questions such as "How is knowledge constructed?" "What is embodied in the terms "science" and "ethnoscience?" "Does Indigenous Knowledge differ from Scientific Knowledge and are there possibilities for integration in education, development and research?"
Prereq: ANTH 1011 and 6 credits from 2000 level Anthropology courses; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: SOAN 3031

ANTH 3541 (3CR)
ETHNOBOTANY
Ethnobotany is the systematic study of how people of a particular region use and relate to plants. The scope of the course is global with special emphasis on the ecosystems of the Atlantic Region. Each year focuses on a different ecosystem. This is a field course, incorporating field trips and site visits as a class and for independent study, and providing basic skills for carrying out ethnobotanical fieldwork - plant identification and description, taxonomies, applications of specific plants for food, technology and medicine in different cultural traditions, ethnobotanical research methods and ethical issues.
Prereq: ANTH 1011 and 6 credits from 2000 level Anthropology courses; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: SOAN 3541

ANTH 3621 (3CR)
HEALTH AND CULTURE
A review of the relations between human health and culture, biology and environment, with reference to the social dimensions of health, sickness, disease, and treatment. Through cross cultural and historic comparisons, connections between mainstream and alternate medicine are explored, and the role of anthropology in clinical settings and international health is discussed.
Prereq: ANTH 1011 and 6 credits from 2000 level Anthropology courses; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: SOAN 3621

ANTH 4521 (3CR)
ECOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
An examination of the theoretical assumptions of ecological anthropology and its historical development, through case studies illustrating differing types of adaptions to the environment and differing relations between humans and nature. Current issues in land and resource management on the global and local levels will be examined, as will the role of anthropologists in environmental education and advocacy.
Prereq: ANTH 3021 or 3031; 3311; 3811 or 3841 or 3851 or 3861 or 3831; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: SOAN 4521

ANTH 4531 (3CR)
CULTURAL ECOLOGY
This course explores the relationship amongst human groups and their social, symbolic and physical surroundings. It discusses cultural systems as the means by which humans adapt to, interact with, and invest meaning into, their environments. Students will become familiar with current theoretical, methodological and applied issues in cultural ecology with special emphasis on traditional plant knowledge.
Prereq: ANTH 3541; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: SOAN 4541

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BIOL 1001 (3CR)
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY
A lecture and laboratory course designed to present a general introduction to the biology of living organisms. A systems approach will be used to explore how living organisms respond to the complex problems encountered while obtaining nutrition, carrying out internal fluid transport and gas exchange, getting rid of wastes, and growing and interacting with the environment and other life.

BIOL 1211 (3CR)
WORLD ECOSYSTEMS
This course will introduce students to the basic concepts of population, community and ecosystem level ecology. Topics will include population growth, competition, succession, community composition and the cycling of energy. Field and laboratory work will stress direct measurement and observation of natural situations that illustrate these concepts. Students will take this course at a field station that offers adequate housing and laboratory facilities. These field stations may be anywhere in the world, but would most likely be in the Maritimes, the Caribbean or the Canadian Rockies. This course is offered only during the spring/summer session through Continuing and Distance Education and only to non-Science majors.

BIOL 1501 (3CR)
CELL BIOLOGY
A course providing an introduction to the structure, organization and functions of the cell, which is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living organisms. Particular emphasis will be placed on eukaryotic cells. Topics to be discussed include membranes and organelles, communication within and between cells, membrane transport, the cell cycle, meiosis and mitosis. There is a laboratory component to this course.
Prereq: BIOL 1001, CHEM 1001; or permission of the Department.

BIOL 2101 (3CR)
POPULATION AND COMMUNITY BIOLOGY
A course designed to introduce current concepts of population and community ecology through lectures, field trips and laboratory exercises, using local organisms whenever possible. Familiarity with these organisms, principally aquatic insects, will be obtained through field trip and laboratory exercises.
Prereq: BIOL 1501; or permission of the Department.

BIOL 3501 (3CR)
NATIVE FLORA (VASCULAR PLANTS)
A field-oriented course on identification, taxonomy, and ecology of vascular plants and bryophytes.
Prereq: BIOL 2301; or permission of the Department.

BIOL 3911 (3CR)
PLANTS AND HUMAN SOCIETY
This course will deal with the interactions between plants and human societies from the time of the introduction of agriculture until the present. It will include the consideration of the evolution of vascular plants, especially those important to agriculture and forestry. It will emphasize the origins of agriculture on various continents; it will discuss economic botany and the present day commercial uses of plants. Consideration will be given to interrelations between plants and societies in their dietary, cultural and religious connotations. Finally, the course will consider world food shortages, either present or potential, and possible ways to alleviate these.
Prereq: First year level Biology; or permission of the Department.

CHEM 1001 (3CR)
INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY 1
Atomic theory will be introduced followed by discussion about the periodic table. Chemical bonding will be developed leading to the three-dimensional nature of matter. Thermodynamics, intermolecular forces and solution properties will be covered.
Prereq: None.

CHEM 1501 (3CR)
CHEMISTRY IN MODERN SOCIETY
Chemistry topics that have bearing on modern living and the environment will be discussed. Fundamental notions of modern chemistry will be developed and links with other disciplines identified.
Prereq: None.

CHEM 2511 (3CR)
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY I: INTRODUCTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT
An introduction to environmental chemistry designed for students in a life sciences program will be given. The subject matter will primarily deal with the chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere at an introductory level. Problem solving skills will be stressed.
Prereq: CHEM 1021, MATH 1121 or 1131; or permission of the Department.
Note: CHEM 2511 credit will not fulfill any Chemistry requirements for a minor, major or honours degree in Chemistry.

COMM 1001 (3CR)
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS
This course provides the student with an introduction to the nature of business and its functional areas. The topics covered include: the environment of business; forms of business ownership; entrepreneurship and small business; financing, financial management, and financial institutions; marketing; operations management; accounting; and managing human resources.

COMM 3371 (3CR)
ISSUES IN BUSINESS AND SOCIETY
This course examines problems in managing relations between the firm and its many stakeholders, including shareholders, government, public interest groups, employees, other firms with which it does business, consumers, and society at large. Such topics as business ethics, the social responsibility of business, business and the environment, pluralism, foreign ownership, consumerism, and the multi-national organization are examined.
Prereq: COMM 2131 and 2301; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: COMM 4371

ECON 1000 (6CR)
PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
This course introduces economic theory and its application in the analysis of economic policy. A wide range of topics is covered including the role of market prices in resource allocation decisions, business cycles (unemployment and inflation), the economic behaviour of firms, sustainable development and the environment, international economic relations, and government debts and deficits. This course is normally the prerequisite for all other courses in Economics.
Prereq: Students should normally have completed a university preparatory level course in Mathematics.
Exclusion: ECON 1001, 1011

ECON 1001 (3CR)
PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS
A general introduction to the study of Economics and the nature of economic problems. Of primary concern is the behaviour of consumers and firms in different markets, and the results of their actions as manifested in production, costs, and prices. Market efficiency and market failure are also examined.
Prereq: Students should normally have completed a university preparatory level course in Mathematics.
Exclusion: ECON 1000

ECON 1011 (3CR)
PRINCIPLES OF MACROECONOMICS
A general introduction to the study of Economics and the nature of economic problems. Of primary concern is the determinants of the level of national income, employment, and the accompanying stabilization problems and policies. Topics also include money and banking. international trade, exchange rates, and the problems of inflation.
Exclusion: ECON 1000

ECON 2001 (3CR)
INTERMEDIATE MICROECONOMICS I
A course in microeconomic theory and its applications. Topics include: scope and method of microeconomics; market interactions; supply and demand; consumer behaviour; choices under uncertainty; theory of production and cost; profit maximization and competitive supply; and the analysis of competitive markets and effects of government policies.
Prereq: ECON 1000; or ECON 1001; or permission of the Department.

ECON 3601 (3CR)
PRINCIPLES OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
This course examines the use of economic theory in the assessment of public sector regulations and projects. Topics include the measurement of social costs and social benefits, shadow pricing, and the choice of discount rate. The course will rely heavily on concrete examples such as transportation infrastructure, medical services, environmental protection and hydro development.
Prereq: ECON 2001; or permission of the Department.
Note: Counts as a Commerce elective for students taking a Bachelor of Commerce or a Major or Minor in Commerce.

ECON 3801 (3CR)
ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
The application of economic analysis in the study of environmental problems. Students will examine when and why markets often fail to allocate sufficient resources to environmental conservation, and will critically assess different policy instruments available to correct for the fundamental "market failure". Using the analytical methods developed in this course, the following type of policies will be examined: measures to control air and water pollution, the disposal of hazardous wastes, the protection of endangered species, and the control of cross border pollution, including the Canadian "Green Plan".
Prereq: ECON 1000, (or 1001 and 1011); or permission of the Department.

ECON 3821 (3CR)
NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS
The application of economic analysis to questions of management, use, and/or conservation of natural resources. Students will be exposed to economic theories used in the study of renewable and non renewable resource industries. Particular attention will be given to resource industries important to the Atlantic Canadian economy (the fishery, forestry, agriculture, mining, and energy).
Prereq: ECON 2001 and 2011, MATH 1111; or permission of the Department.

ENST 4000 (6CR)
ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
This is a senior, seminar-project course exploring issues in Environmental Studies. Individually or collectively students are encouraged to explore a topic of their own choice, approved by a faculty member in the Environmental Studies program, and to present their findings both in seminars and in written assignments.
Prereq: Fourth year standing in the Environmental Studies programme; or permission of the supervising instructor and the Environmental Studies Coordinator.

ENST 4951 (3CR)
SPECIAL TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
A course to permit an advanced student to pursue a special topic of environmental study under the supervision of an appropriate instructor.
Prereq: Permission of the supervising instructor and the Environmental Studies Coordinator.

GEOG 1201 (3CR)
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
This lecture and laboratory course is an introduction to the general principles of analysis in human geography at a variety of spatial scales. City, regional and global environments are considered.
Prereq: None.

GEOG 2101 (3CR)
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
This course introduces key concepts and issues in natural resources management. Resource sectors of importance to the Canadian economy will be examined, including forestry, fisheries, wildlife, energy, mining, water, and agriculture. Particular emphasis will be placed on understanding the varied influences that environmental, socio-economic, and political factors have on patterns of resource utilization and resource management decision-making.
Prereq: None.

GEOG 2221 (3CR)
THE DEVELOPING WORLD
This course surveys the changing geography of the developing world. It examines the decline in traditional land systems and resource use, surveys current economic development strategies, and reviews the role of international aid and non-governmental organizations in these strategies.
Prereq: None.

GEOG 2711 (3CR)
DATA ANALYSIS FOR GEOGRAPHERS
This is one of three techniques courses for Geography students. It develops basic skills in data collection, analysis, and presentation. Through lecture and laboratory components, basic statistical and hypothesis testing procedures will be introduced, along with relevant software.
Prereq: None.

GEOG 3101 (3CR)
ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
This course will examine and synthesize current thinking on environment and development. Topics may include: rural land use change, forest management, community-based conservation, sustainable development, trade and environment, and the role of multi-lateral development banks and international environmental agreements.
Prereq: GEOG 2101 and 2221; or permission of the Department.

GEOG 3201 (3CR)
GEOGRAPHY AND PUBLIC POLICY
By centering on policy formulation at all government levels, this course investigates the geo-political structures influencing Canadian society. The relevance of geographers' skills to policy environments is highlighted by considering such topics as the role of experts and consultants in the public policy process.
Prereq: Third year standing and at least 6 credits in Social Science; or permission of the Department.

GEOG 3531 (3CR)
THE PLANNING PROCESS
An examination of community responses to the necessity and challenge of growth. Discussion focuses on the contributions of planning to the process of development and to the outcomes and opportunities which parallel this process.
Prereq: GEOG 1201 and one of GEOG 2101, 2201, 2311; or permission of the Department.

GEOG 3711 (3CR)
CARTOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
This is one of three 'techniques' courses for Geography students. Through lectures and laboratories it surveys several aspects of traditional cartography, examines one or more evolving Geographic Information Systems, and explores the role of maps in conveying geographic information.
Prereq: Third year standing and GEOG 2711; or permission of the Department.

GEOG 4101 (3CR)
SEMINAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
This course examines the current state of scientific knowledge related to various contemporary environmental issues and the public policy implications of these issues.
Prereq: Geoscsience 2031 and GEOG 2101; or permission of the Department.

GEOG 4521 (3CR)
COMMUNITY PLANNING RESEARCH SEMINAR
A research seminar applying community planning theory and techniques to an actual case developed in concert with a local community. Students clarify client objectives, develop a research and analysis program, conduct fieldwork, analyze data, prepare recommendations, and present results to the client.
Prereq: GEOG 2711 and 3531; or permission of the Department.

GEOS 1001 (3CR)
INTRODUCTORY OCEANOGRAPHY
A study of the oceans and their relationship to our land environment. An inter-disciplinary approach is emphasized, including geological, physical, chemical and biological aspects of offshore and deep-water oceanography. Topics include: history of oceanography, exploration techniques, instruments and vessels, structure of Earth, origin of oceans and ocean basins, physiography of ocean basins, marine sediments, submarine volcanism, waves, tides, ocean currents, climatology and sea level changes, marine ecology and marine resources. Three lectures and one 3-hour laboratory per week.
Prereq: None.

GEOS 1011 (3CR)
DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH
(An Introduction to Physical Geoscience) An introductory course in Physical Geoscience which provides a basis for further courses in Geoscience. Main topics of study are the origin, evolution and structure of the Earth; the origin and dynamics of ocean basins, continents and mountain ranges are dealt with in a consideration of plate tectonics; organization of matter - into minerals, crystals and gems; the nature and distribution of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks; the work of water and ice and air in erosion and the transportation of sediment. Three lectures and one 3-hour laboratory per week.
Prereq: None.

GEOS 2031 (3CR)
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
(Perspectives on Environmental Geoscience) An introductory level course dealing with the interactions of the environment and the Earth - particularly those aspects of the environment influenced by civilization and vice versa. The course gives an overview of major natural processes and geologic hazards which influence civilization, with detailed consideration of natural flooding, landslides, coastal processes and erosion, earthquakes and volcanoes as well as hydro Geoscience and groundwater. It also deals with the effect of civilization on the physical environment - particularly on surficial deposits and near surface crystal rocks or bedrock e.g. the contamination of groundwater and surface waters by waste disposal (including nuclear waste); Acid Rain, Radon gas and the "Greenhouse Effect." Three lectures and one 3-hour laboratory period per week.
Prereq: Any 1000 level Geoscience course; or permission of the Department.

GEOS 2101 (3CR)
COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHY
A 2000 level three unit course complementary to Geoscience 1001 (Introductory Oceanography) in which the focus is the offshore and deep sea oceanography. The course emphasizes North American Atlantic coastal and near shore environments and the interactions among chemical, geological, physical and biological phenomena. Included are methods of study, estuarine systems, sediment regimes, waves, beaches, tides, marshes, deltas, rocky shores, mudflats, barrier islands, reefs and coastal classifications. Special attention is given to sea level changes, erosion and pollution problems.
Prereq: GEOS 1001; or permission of the Department.

GEOS 2401 (3CR)
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Geomorphology is the science that explores the general configuration of the Earth's surface. It deals with the description, classification, nature, origin, and development of present landforms and their relationships to underlying geological structures and the history of geologic events recorded by these surface features. A thorough appreciation of Geomorphology is essential to anyone engaged in Environmental Geoscience. The introductory part of the course deals with the large-scale relief features of the earth (e.g., mountains) and how they are shaped by the processes of weathering, erosion, and sedimentary deposition. The latter part of the course introduces the types of landforms/landscapes that exist in glacial, fluvial, coastal, and desert environments and explores the geomorphic agents (e.g., running water) which control the formation and evolution of these landforms/landscapes.
Prereq: Any 1000 level Geoscience course; or permission of the Department.

GEOS 3111 (3CR)
COASTAL GEOMORPHOLOGY
This lecture, laboratory, and field course introduces coastal geomorphology by emphasizing current theories of coastal processes set in the context of natural systems.
Prereq: GEOS 2401; or permission of the Department.

MATH 2311 (3CR)
STATISTICS I
This course is designed to introduce students to some of the concepts and techniques of probability and statistics. Attention is focused on some special probability distributions including binomial, normal, Student's t, chi-square, and F. Some basic statistical ideas are developed and the testing of statistical hypotheses is introduced. Examples are drawn from a wide variety of sources. A statistical software package is introduced.
Prereq: University preparatory level Mathematics or MATH 1011 and either MATH 1111, or registration in second year or higher; or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: PSYC 2001

PHIL 1651 (3CR)
THE CHANGING IMAGE OF NATURE
Our intellectual heritage is laced with shifting and conflicting attitudes towards "Nature" which impact everything from how we can come to know about nature, scientifically, to ethical implications for how human beings relate to other natural beings. This course will use readings from the history of western philosophy, especially from the early modern era, to assess the extent to which we have inherited these convictions or developed alternatives to them. space added here

PHIL 2701 (3CR)
INTRODUCTORY ETHICS
An introduction to the history and philosophical problems of ethics in the western tradition. This will acquaint the student with a number of received traditions based on metaphysical, religious, rational, and pragmatic grounds, as well as introduce certain fundamental perennial problems of moral decision-making.
Prereq: Three credits from Humanities 1600 Series; or permission of the Department

PHIL 3511 (3CR)
PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES
In recent decades the philosophical assumptions underlying the life sciences have been seen increasingly as distinct from the physical sciences. This course will examine this difference as well as the linkage between them, then turn to the philosophical issues within evolutionary theory, the notion of species and problems of classification, persistent controversies surrounding sociobiology, genetic control, use of animals in research, and the application of bioethics.
Prereq: Normally Philosophy 2511is expected. However B.Sc. students already doing 3/4000-level work in their own field, and students in either the Environmental Science or Environmental Studies programs, will be admitted; or permission of the Department.

PHIL 3721 (3CR)
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
After reviewing traditional attitudes toward the environment, this course will explore recent attempts to "apply" ethical analysis to such problems as pollution and conservation. We will pay particular attention to the ways in which problems of preservation challenge us to extend our traditional norms and values. To what extent, for example, does growing sensitivity to our natural environment require of us a new "environmental ethic" and oblige us to recognize "animal rights"?
Prereq: PHIL 2701; or permission of the Department.

PHYS 1051 (3CR)
GENERAL PHYSICS I
This algebra based introductory physics course will cover kinematics, dynamics, work and energy, momentum in one dimension, fluid mechanics, waves and sound, DC circuit electricity, geometrical and physical optics, and an introduction to modern physics. This course provides a basic knowledge of the concepts of physics needed in all sciences. Students enrolling in Physics 1051 should normally have completed a university preparatory level course in Mathematics.

PHYS 2401 (3CR)
PHYSICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE
This course, designed primarily for non-science majors who have successfully completed their first year, examines the relationship between a variety of phenomena in everyday life and physics principles. Experiential activity including a number of field trips, experiments in the laboratory and relevant data analysis form the underpinnings of this study of physics. Topics include principles and applications of particle, rigid body and fluid mechanics; thermodynamics, magnetism; electricity, and optics. Participation in field trips and a major report/presentation are required.
Prereq: Completion of 24 credits or permission of the Department.
Exclusion: PHYS 2401 (Structure of Physics)

PHYS 3751 (3CR)
PHYSICS OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND TRANSFER
The goal of this course is to teach aspects of energy harvesting, storage and transmission with particular emphasis on the theory and development of renewable energy resources. The specific technologies considered will vary somewhat according to the interests of the class but will normally include wind power, photovoltaic generation, other forms of solar energy, nuclear fission and fusion energy generation, hydroelectric, combustion based fuel generation, tidal energy and fuel cells.
Prereq: CHEM 1021, PHYS 1551 and MATH 1121;
Prereq or coreq: PHYS 3701 or CHEM 2211; or permission of Department

POLS 2101 (3CR)
CANADIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
An introduction to the major issues of public policy in Canada, and their treatment by the federal government.
Prereq: POLS 1000; or permission of the Department.

SOCI 1001 (3CR)
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
The course is designed to introduce students to the basic concepts of sociology. These concepts include social structure, culture, socialization, deviance, social control, social organization, structured social inequality, and social change. Extensive use is made of examples from the Canadian context.
Exclusion: SOAN 1001

SOCI 3601 (3CR)
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
An analysis of the social processes associated with science and technology. The course will consider such topics as: the social dynamics of scientific and technical communities; the social processes of technical invention, diffusion, and control; and the role of technology in the work-place and the household.
Prereq: SOCI 1001 and 9 credits from PHIL 1651, PHIL 2511, 3511, RELG 1651, Social Sciences at the 1/2000 levels; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: SOAN 3601

SOCI 3611 (3CR)
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROVERSIES
A course in the sociology of environmental controversies with particular attention to the social processes involved in the genesis, development, maintenance, containment, and decay of environmental controversies. This includes a consideration of the role of a range of social factors in controversies, including: science, technology, the media, public constituencies, the law, public hearings, environmental assessments, and bureaucracies.
Prereq: SOCI 1001 and 9 credits in the Social Sciences at the 1/2000 levels; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: SOAN 3611