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Finding Sources
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Core Journals:
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The following are journals which, in addition to the list in the main Part 4 of this guide, are likely to include articles on contemporary government finance, electoral and party financing, at all levels of government:
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Canadian Tax Journal. Toronto: Canadian Tax Foundation, 1953 - . Quarterly. ISSN: 0008-5111.
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Description: This key journal publishes peer-reviewed articles on Canadian tax and fiscal policy.
Includes: Scholarly articles, book reviews, analysis, summaries and commentaries.
Indexed in: Canadian Periodical Index, PAIS International, Index to Legal Periodicals,EconLit, ABI/Inform Global, CBCA Business, Index to Canadian Legal Periodical Literature, etc.
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Government Finance Review. Chicago: Government Finance Officers Association, 1985 - . (Formerly Governmental Finance and Government Financial Management Resources in Review). Bimonthly. ISSN: 0883-7856.
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Description: The membership magazine of the Government Finance Officers Association of the U.S. and Canada publishes mostly short articles by practitioners, on the theory and practice of finance and financial management in state/provincial and local government.
Includes: Articles, commentary, opinion pieces, book reviews professional news, etc.
Indexed in: ABC Pol Sci, ABI/Inform, Business Periodicals Index, PAIS International, Business Source Premier, JSTOR, etc.
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Public Budgeting & Finance. Blackwell Publishing, 1981 - . Quarterly. ISSN Print: 0275-1100. Online: 1540-5850.
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Description: This cross-disciplinary journal publishes articles by researchers and practitioners on government budgeting and finance at all levels of government and in all countries.
Indexed in: ABI/Inform Global, Academic Search Elite & Premier, Business Source Elite & Premier, EconLit, PAIS International, ProQuest Accounting & Tax Database, Wilson Busienss Abstracts, etc.
Includes: Bibliographies and book reviews.
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Indexes:
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Indexes useful for finding articles on Canadian government and politics in general are listed in Part 4 of the main section of this guide. The following is a select list of indexes which also cover journals on government and political finance or journals which are likely to contain research articles on these topics:
ABI/Inform Global. ProQuest .
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Description: One of the largest journal databases for abstracts and full text articles from about 2,000 international journals and magazines covering business, economics, finance, public administration, and related topics.
Coverage: 1971 - . (Varies by title.)
Includes: Scholarly journals, professional, trade and popular magazines.
Tips: Has many useful advanced search features.
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Business Source (Complete, Premier, Elite). Ebsco Publishing.
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Description: The various versions of Ebsco's Business Source databases are also top contenders in the field of providing full text articles and abstracts from journals in business, finance, economics and related subjects.
Coverage: 1922 - . (Varies by title.)
Includes: Scholarly journals, professional, trade and popular magazines.
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EconLit. American Economic Association.
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Description: This expanded version of the Journal of Economic Literature indexes, abstracts and provides some full text articles of over 600 major international journals on economics.
Coverage: 1969 - .
Includes: Journal articles, articles and essays from collective volumes, conference proceedings, books, book reviews, theses and working papers.
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Science Direct. Elsevier.
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Description:Index and full text of over 1700 peer-reviewed journals in the sciences, including the social sciences.
Coverage: Varies by title.
Includes: Academic journals, reporting for the most part on original research.
Tips: Searches can be limited to just journals in the social sciences, or just journals in the Economics & Finance subject category.
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Books and other Academic Work:
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Books, Theses, Conference Papers, etc.
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Useful LC Subject Headings: (Name of province can be substituted for Canada)
- finance, public Canada
- budget Canada
- budget law and legislation Canada
- fiscal policy Canada
- Canada economic policy
- Canada appropriations and expenditures
- taxation Canada
- government spending policy Canada
- campaign funds Canada
- campaign funds law and legislation Canada
- federal-provincial fiscal relations Canada
- municipal finance Canada
- legislative auditing Canada
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Besides the papers published from the Canadian Political Science Association conferences, universities, research institutes and others periodically organize conferences from which the presentations are published. To find these, search your library catalogue or AMICUS with the appropriate subject heading and the sub-heading "congresses" (e.g. budget -- Canada -- congresses).
Canadian government-sponsored conferences include the federal-provincial and provincial-territorial conferences of Ministers of Finance, from which "public documents" are sometimes made available, departments and agencies also sponsor conferences occasionally, as can Royal Commissions and other fact-finding task forces. An example:
Deficits and Debt: Proceedings of the Colloquium, April 28 & 29, 1993. Ottawa: Office of the Auditor General of Canada, 1993. 59, 61 p.
Many excellent theses have been written in Canadian universities on the topic of government finance and electoral and party finance. Search AMICUS for these; the National Library maintains a collection of every M.A. and PhD thesis written at Canadian universities. Request an inter-library loan at your library.
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Current Events / News:
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See the web sites of the government departments and research organizations involved with government and political finance and look for "What's New", press releases, media rooms, newsletters, events calendars, and contact information. You may also be able to subscribe to an e-mailed version of their newsletters or press releases or just get updates whenever anything new is added to their website. For example, Finance Canada and Elections Canada both provide an e-mail mailing list to which you can subscribe. (See more examples in Part 5: Primary Sources - What's Happening Now.)
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Government Information:
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The following are the main government departments and agencies involved in government and political finance:
The Department of Finance Canada is the federal government department responsible for creating the federal budget, monitoring and providing advice to government on the country's economic and fiscal affairs. Every province and territory in Canada also has a Finance Minister and department:
Provincial/Territorial Finance Departments. By Finance Canada. http://www.fin.gc.ca/access/linkse.html
The Office of the Auditor General of Canada audits government departments, agencies and Crown corporations as well as the Public Accounts of Canada. The Auditor General is appointed for 10 years and reports directly to Parliament so is independent of government. In 1995 the new position of Commissioner of the Environment and Sustainable Development was created within this Office, to provide oversight of the federal government's efforts to protect the environment and foster sustainable development. Provinces and large cities also have an Auditor General.
The Elections Canada is responsible for the neutral administration of federal elections. The Chief Electoral Officer reports directly to Parliament and is independent of government. Each province/territory also has a similar office:
Contact Information for Provincial and Territorial Election Officials. By Elections Canada. http://www.elections.ca/content.asp?section=lin&dir=url&document=index&lang=e&textonly=false
Many of these bodies have published excellent research reports and other documents. Some of the most recent ones published by the currently existing bodies will be available on their web sites. Check your library catalogue, AMICUS, or a large provincial research or legislative library for the documents created in earlier years. Some examples of these are given in the Selected Primary Sources section.
Briefs to Committees: One of the important ways in which government bodies, research organizations, and others advise and lobby government is to submit briefs to government committees of all sorts, advising them on the impact of proposed legislation. These briefs or reports may be found as separate publications by the authoring body, or as part of the "Evidence" of parliamentary committees.
Economic Council of Canada. 1963-1993.
This was a Crown corporation reporting to the Prime Minister. It was an important advisory council to federal government on economic policy for thirty years and published annual reviews of the economy and hundreds of excellent research papers. (Note: Existing regional "economic councils" by that name, e.g. Atlantic Provinces Economic Council, are independent organizations with specific agendas so tend to be much more one-sided in their analyses and policy proposals.)
See Selected Primary Sources for examples of some key government documents.
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Political Party Information:
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Besides the election expenses and contributions reported by registered political parties to Elections Canada (see Selected Primary Sources - Government Publications - Department & Agency Reports), some political parties have created task forces, formed committees, or otherwise have examined either government finance, or their own party finance issues. To find any documents they may have produced search library catalogues by keyword combining the party name as author and "finance or financing or funds or fundraising", etc.
See Selected Primary Sources for selected examples.
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Research Organizations:
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Some research institutes and other organizations that publish on this topic:
Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. http://www.policyalternatives.ca
An independent, non-partisan research institute founded in 1980. Best known for their annual Alternative Federal Budget, since 1994, and more recently alternative provincial budgets, they publish many other research publications on public finance issues. Some examples:
The Art of the Impossible: Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Balance in Canada. By Hugh Mackenzie. 2006. 57 p.
the Social Benefits and Economic Costs of Taxation: A Comparison of High- and Low-tax Countries. By Neil Brooks and Thaddeus Hwong. 2006. 55 p.
Squandering Canada's Surplus: Opting for Debt Reduction and "Scarcity by Design". By Armine Yalnizyan. 2004. 15 p.
Canadian Tax Foundation. http://www.ctf.ca An independent tax research organization since 1945 that publishes extensively on government finance and the tax system in Canada. Besides its core publications: Finances of the Nation, and the Canadian Tax Journal, some examples of other research published:
A Fiscal History of Canada: The Postwar Years. By J. Harvey Perry. 1989. 1058 p.
Financing the Canadian Federation, 1867-1995. By David Perry. Canadian Tax Paper no. 102, 1997. 376 p.
Municipal Revenue and Expenditure Issues in Canada. By Harry M. Kitchen. Canadian Tax Paper no. 107, 2002. 350 p.
Green Budget Coalition. http://www.greenbudget.ca/main_e.html A coalition of many environmental groups. Since 2000 they have been publishing news releases, briefs, etc. on how to make the budget more environment-friendly. Best known for their annual:
Recommendations for Budget [year].
Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP). http://www.irpp.org A national, independent, nonprofit research organization that publishes on many public policy issues including public finance, electoral reform, and economic, fiscal, monetary and tax policy. For example:
Changing Dynamics in Election Campaign Finance: Critical Issues in Canada and the United States. By Jennifer Smith and Herman Bakvis. 2000. 40 p.
Is the Debt War Over? Dispatches From Canada's Frontline. Ed. by Christopher Ragan and William Watson. 2004 365 p.
Parliament's Performance in the Budget Process: A Case Study. By Peter Dobell and Martin Ulrich. 2002 24 p.
Searching for an Alternative to the GST. By Neil Brooks. 2990. 35 p.
Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance. Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto. http://www.utoronto.ca/mcis/imfg/
This institute conducts research on government finance and governing structures in Canada's large cities. They sponsor conferences and other events, have an online newsletter and their publications: articles, papers, presentations and others are available on their web site.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA). http://www.idea.int/parties/finance
This is an inter-governmental Organization of which Canada is a member country. It works to strengthen democratic insitutions and processes around the world. The "Political Party Finance" section features its encyclopedic Handbook on the Funding of Political Party and Election Campaigns and the Political Finance Database . Other publications:
The Delicate Balance Between Political Equality and Freedom of Expression: Political Party and Campaign Financing in Canada and the United States. Ed. by Steve Griner and Daniel Zovatto. Co-published with the Organization of American States. 2005. 70 p.
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Videos:
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National Film Board of Canada Catalogue. http://www.nfb.ca.
The NFB online catalogue can be searched by keyword or browsed by subject. Click on "Find a Film". Relevant "Subject Categories" include "Politics and Government -- Canada", or "Economics", then "Finance, Investment and Taxation".
See Part 5: Recorded Images for selected specific videos.
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Evaluating Sources
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Please refer to the main Part 4: Evaluating Information of this guide.
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