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What Was Said: (Quotations, speeches, interviews, hearings, in Parliament)
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After the War. Compiled by Jean Bruce. Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Secretary of State and Supply and Services Canada, 1982. 192 p.
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This is a collection of quotes from immigrants who came to Canada after World War II, government officials, and from newspapers, giving a good sense of the experiences of and attitudes to immigration at the time. There are also many photographs and an excellent explanatory text providing background and context.
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Canada 2017 -- Serving Canada's Multicultural Population for the Future -- Policy Forum. March 2005. http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/multi/canada2017/index_e.cfm
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Speeches and presentations from this government forum on the policy implications of Canada's diverse and changing population.
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Canada's Postwar Immigration Policy. Speech by William Lyon Mackenzie King. House of Commons Debates, May 1, 1947, pp. 2644-6. From Alberta Online Encyclopedia http://www.abheritage.ca/albertans/speeches/king_1.html
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A brief speech that lays out the government's views and policy on immigration, namely allowing immigrants from more European countries, but still reserving the right to restrict others.
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See also Recorded Images for interviews and speeches on film and tape.
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Debates in Parliament.
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Use the Index to the Debates or search the Debates by keyword (see the main
Part 5: Selected Primary Sources for details) to find the discussions related to immigration. In the more recent years of the Index you can enter the root: "Immigra" to retrieve all mentions to immigrants, immigration policy, etc. for the timeframe or session selected.
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Speeches, Statements, Press Releases by federal and provincial Ministers responsible for immigration, citizenship and multiculturalism.
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Search library catalogues for years predating the material available on their web sites. See Immigration - Finding & Evaluating - Government Information for links to their web sites.
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What Was Written: (Political party publications, government publications)
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Political Party Publications: (Campaign literature, special collections)
Some political parties have developed policies regarding immigration or multiculturalism. Although rarely printed, these may be found in their platform or related campaign material, briefs to committees, or other reports. For example:
Communist Party Speaks on Immigration: On the Green Paper and Immigration Policy. Submission to the Special Joint Committee on Immigration Policy, by the Central Executive Committee, Communist Party of Canada, 1975. 4 p.
Making Immigration Work for Canadians: Straight Talk on Canada's Immigration System. By the Reform Party of Canada. Ottawa: Office of the Leader of the Opposition, 1998. 11 p.
Platform 2006: Immigration. Green Party of Canada. http://main.greenparty.ca/immigration.html
See the main Part 5: Primary Sources -- What was Written - Political Party Publications for tips on finding more.
Government Publications: (Royal Commission reports, task force reports, government department and agency reports, policy papers, Parliamentary documents, law and court reports)
Royal Commissions, Commissions of Inquiry, and Related Reports:
Some Aspects of Canada's Immigration Policy: Report for the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. No. 16. Ottawa: 1966.
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Report of the Commission of Inquiry Relating to the Department of Manpower and Immigration in Montreal. Commissioner: Claire L'Heureux-Dubé. Ottawa: Information Canada, 1976.
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Report Part 1: Public: Commission of Inquiry on War Criminals. Commissioner: Jules Deschênes. Ottawa: The Commission, 1986. 966 p.
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Task Force Reports:
Not Just Numbers: A Canadian Framework for Future Immigration. By the Immigration Legislative Review Advisory Group, Robert Tempe, Chair. Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 1998. 168 p.
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This is a critical and comprehensive examination of Canada's immigration and refugee system, including 172 recommendations. The 3-member advisory group took a year to write the report, consulting widely. Hearings followed across the country with many groups responding.
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The Refugee Status Determination Process: A Report of the Task Force on Immigration Practices and Procedures. Final Report to the Minister of Employment and Immigration. Chair: W. G. Robinson. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1981. 132 p.
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Report of the Advisory Committee on Regulating Immigration Consultants. Presented to the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2003. 72 p. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/pdf/pub/regulate-consult.pdf
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Government Department and Agency Reports:
Citizenship and Immigration Canada Publications. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/index.asp Citizenship and Immigration Canada is the main federal department currently responsible for immigration. Available on their web site are many of their key publications:
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Annual Report to Parliament on Immigration. (2002- ) Gives an overview of the department's activities that year; other details vary over the years, but recently includes: federal-provincial/territorial agreements, a gender-based analysis of the impact of the IRPA, a statistical overview of new immigrants and refugees accepted, and the immigration plan for the next year.
Immigration Plans. (1997-2002) Provides estimates of the total number of immigrants and refugees to be admitted.
Government Responses to Committee Reports and Recommendations. (1998- )
Immigration Manuals. (current only) Under "Policy and Program Manuals", besides links to the relevant acts and regulations, these provide the detailed procedural rules that guide the processing and enforcement of the relevant acts and regulations.
Facts and Figures: Immigration Overview - Permanent and Temporary Residents. (2005- ) Statistical tables and charts of the numbers admitted that year and over the last 10 years and characteristics of these people.
Departmental Performance Reports. (2000- ) Detailed description of the department's performance, its operating context, how it spent its budget, organizational chart, etc.
Report on Plans and Priorities. (2001/02- ) The department's in-depth 3-year budget plan covering strategic outcomes, programs and activities and their expected results, and links to more information.
The site also has many other currrent publications on CIC programs and services, refugee, immigration and citizenship issues.
Search library catalogues for older versions of these documents and others. (Note the department's name changes listed in Part 4: Government Information.) The department has also authored and commissioned many reports and studies over the years which are often not available on their web site. Some examples:
Canadian immigration and Population Study: Green Paper on Immigration and Population. By Dept. of Manpower and Immigration. Ottawa: Information Canada, 1974. 4 vols. (A major review of Canada's immigration and population policies, with over 1,400 briefs submitted in hearings across Canada. Includes: Vol.1 Immigration Policy Perspectives, Vol. 2 The Immigration Program, Vol. 3 Immigration and Population Statistics, Vol. 4 Three Years in Canada: First Report of the Longitudinal Survey on the Economic and Social Adaptation of Immigrants.
Canadian Views on Immigration and Population: An Analysis of Post-War Gallup Polls. By Nancy Tienhaara. (One of many studies in the "Canadian Immigration and Population Study" Green Paper series.) Ottawa: Dept. of Manpower and Immigration, 1974. 102 p.
The Quality of Mercy: A Study of the Processes Available to Persons who are Determined not to be Refugees and who Seek Humanitarian and Compassionate Treatment. A report commissioned by CIC. By Susan Davis and Lorne Waldman. Ottawa: CIC, 1994. 101 p.
Removals: Processes and People in Transition A Report by Roger Tassé for CIC. Ottawa: CIC, 1996. 65 p.
Archival records of the federal departments involved in immigration can be found at the Library and Archives Canada. Use the Archives Search Engine or the search page for Government of Canada Files. They have also created several helpful finding aids. Some examples that include records from the post-war period:
Canadian Immigration Since Confederation and the Department of External Affairs. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/001-200.23-e.html
Deportation From Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/001-200.06-e.html
Immigration Instructions: A Chart of Circulars, Directives and Operations Memoranda, 1909-1978. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/001-200.24-e.html
Most Frequently Used Immigration Records. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/001-200.23-e.html
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Provincial / Territorial Equivalents. Each province and territory has a Minister responsible for immigration. See Immigration - Finding & Evaluating for links to their web sites and tips to finding the documents they published. Some sample publications:
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Immigrant Landings to Ontario. Toronto: Min. of Citizenship and Culture. 1981 - .
Immigrant Settlement and Multiculturalism Programs for Immigrant, Refugee and Visible Minority Women: A Study of Outcomes, Best Practices and Issues. A report submitted by Jo-Anne Lee to the BC Ministry Responsible for Multiculturalism and Immigration, 1999. 149 p.
The Labour Market Integration of Recent Immigrants to BC: A Discussion Paper. Victoria: Immigration Policy Branch, Ministry Responsible for Multiculturalism and Immigration, 1997. 68 p.
New Brunswick Policy on Multiculturalism. By the Minister's Advisory Committee on Multiculturalism, Multiculturalism Services, Population Growth Secretariat. n.d. 4 p. http://www.gnb.ca/3100/policy2007-e.asp
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Cities and other Municipalities. The major cities that receive most immigrants to Canada have also published information on immigration issues. Some examples:
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Integration in Diversity: Understanding the Immigrant Population in Edmonton, Alberta. Report prepared for the Edmonton Social Planning Council. By Reva Joshee, Navjot Lamba and Lori Wilkinson, 1997.
Refugee Housing Study. By Hemson Consulting Ltd. Toronto: City of Toronto Housing Department, 1992.
Report from the Mayor's Working Group on Immigration. Federation of Canadian Municipalities' Big City Mayor's Caucus, Working Group on Immigration. 2005. 11 p. ttp://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20051004/documents/rr1_000.pdf
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Policy Papers: (Note: Policy statements can appear in government press releases, speeches, and various kinds of documents.)
Building on a Strong Foundation for the 21st Century: New Directions for Immigration and Refugee Policy and Legislation. Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 1998. 60,58 p.
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This document presents proposed changes to immigration and refugee policy based on the task force report Not Just Numbers and public consultations.
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Canadian Immigration and Population Study. Robert Andras, Commissioner. Ottawa: Manpower and Immigration, 1974. 4 vols.
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Also called: "Green Paper on Immigration and Popluation", the volumes of this consultation document were intended to stimulate debate and thinking on how to formulate new immigration policy. Vol. 1: Immigration Policy Perspectives, vol. 2: The Immigration Program, vol. 3: Immigration and Population Statistics, vol. 4: Three Years in Canada: First Report of the Longitudinal Survey on the Economic and Social Adaptation of Immigrants.
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Strategic Plan to Foster Immigration to Francophone Minority Communities. Ottawa: Citizenship & Immigration Canada, 2006. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/settlement/plan-minorities.asp
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Outlines the government's long-term plan to achieving the objectives of the Strategic Framework released in 2003.
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White Paper on Immigration: Canadian Immigration Policy, 1966. By Jean Marchand. Ottawa: Dept. of Manpower and Immigration, 1966, 42,45 p.
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States the principles and policies upon which the government intends to base new immigration legislation.
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Parliamentary Documents:
Committee Reports: Standing parliamentary committees exist on important topics of ongoing concern such as the environment, aboriginal affairs, finance, etc. They are independent of the related ministries and include members of both the governing party and others. Their studies and reports can be very useful research material.
In post-war times, a standing committee in the House of Commons has always existed for immigration issues although the name has changed over the years and usually reflected the name of the department responsible. Sub-committees have also tackled specific immigration-related issues as have Senate and Joint committees.
In 1994 the current Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration was created with the new department. The committee's web site http://www.parl.gc.ca/CIMM-e includes information on the committee, its members, meeting schedule, contact information, its studies, reports, news releases, a list of the witnesses who appeared before the committee, and the transcripts of the meetings, called "Evidence". You can also sign up for email notification of any new committee information to appear on the site.
Some sample committee reports:
Canadian Citizenship: Sharing the Responsibilities. Report of the Senate Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology, Noel Kinsella, Chair. May 1993.
Refugees, Immigration and Gender. Report of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration, Eleni Bakopanos, Chair. 1995. 62,66 p.
Safeguarding Asylum: Sustaining Canada's Commitment to Refugees, 15th Report of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration, Norman Doyle, Chair. May 2007.
See the main part 5: Primary Sources - Government Information for details on how to find more committee reports.
Briefs to Committees: Immigration advocacy groups, government bodies and others submit briefs to committees informing them of the impact of proposed legislation under review. These may be found as part of the committee Evidence, on the group's or committee's web site, or in library catalogues by authoring body.
Brief on the Proposed Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (Bill C-11). By Sharryn Aiken et al. Presented to the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration by the National Association of Women and the Law, with five other women's groups, 2001. 40 p.
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Provides 37 recommendations to address the concern of these groups that the proposed bill does little to improve conditions for immigrant and refugee women.
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Brief to the Special Joint Committee on Immigration in the Senate and House of Commons. By the Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto, 1967 7 p.
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Brief to the Standing Committee on Immigration and Labour. By the Canadian National Committee on Refugees, 1946.
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Lobbies for more liberal immigration policies.
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Other Parliamentary Documents: Use the main Part 4: Finding & Evaluating Government Information and Part 5: Selected Primary Sources to see how to search the Debates, Parliamentary Journals, etc. for bills, questions asked in Parliament, etc.
Law & Legislation and Court Reports:
The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (formerly Immigration Act) has been updated only a few times since 1945, but major changes in policy have been implemented through regulations, orders in council, and other administrative practices. The major immigration-related acts and regulations are available at the Justice Canada site: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en
Links to the acts, program manuals, recent changes to practices, and agreements with the provinces are available at the CIC site: Laws and Policies page.
The Immigration Act has been amended many times over the years. When bills are proposed to amend an act, see the bill and related discussion in Parliament, reports, etc. on the Parliamentary site. Legislative Summaries by the Parliamentary Information and Research Service are very helpful guides to proposed legislation, explaining their context, purpose, controversies and related issues. See LegisInfo for legislative summaries in earlier sessions.
See Part 5: Selected Primary Sources for tips on accessing Supreme Court decisions and other case law. A summary of some of the most significant cases is available in Appendix 6: Immigration and Refugee Protection Case Law in the
Library of Parliament Background Paper: Canada's Immigration Program BP-190E by Benjamin Dolin and Margaret Young.
Other relevant legal sites:
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Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/Charter/index.html
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Federal Court of Canada. (1875 - 1970 was Exchequer Court of Canada) http://cas-ncr-nter03.cas-satj.gc.ca/portal/page/portal/fc_cf_en/Immigrants
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This court hears appeals of federal government decisions in many areas including immigration and refugee matters. The web site has a section for immigrants and refugees which has a judicial review practice guide, application timelines, forms and related information, and decisions from 1990 on searchable by year, case and keyword.
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Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/references/index_e.htm
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An administrative tribunal that hears the cases of asylum seekers who apply for refugee status. The web site has descriptions of their policies and procedures, many legal references and helpful guides. See "RefLex" the searchable database of immigration and refugee protection decisions by the IRB (and some from the Federal Court of Canada) which provides access to digests of decisions from 1991 to the present. Digests are summaries including the major facts and issues of the case and reasons for decision. Some include the full text.
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United Nations Convention on the Status of Refugees 1951, and 1967 Protocol to the Convention.
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Canada is a signatory, agreeing to protect people with a well-founded fear of persecution.
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Personal Papers:
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Published
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Fairclough, Ellen Louks. Saturday's Child: Memoirs of Canada's First Female Cabinet Minister. Ed. & intro. by Margaret Conrad. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. 179 p. (Includes 23 pages describing her time as Minister of Citizenship and Immigration in the late 1950's.)
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Moore, Don. Don Moore, an Autobiography. Toronto: Williams-Wallace, 1985. 240 p. (A political activist, Moore successfully fought discriminatory immigration laws and practices in the 1950's.)
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Unpublished
David Matas Fonds. National Archives. (Includes personal papers, correspondence, case files, clippings, briefs, etc. relating to his work as a lawyer specializing in refugee, immigration and human rights issues since 1979, for example as the President of the Canadian Council for Refugees, and representing the League of Human Rights at the Deschênes Commission.) Finding Aid: David Matas Papers. http://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000000588.pd
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Use the Library and Archives Canada Archives Search page to see the descriptions of these and other unpublished collections.
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Recorded Images (Film and video footage, photographs):
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Film, video footage:
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Asylum. Dir. by Garry Beitel. National Film Board of Canada, 1998. 1 videocassette (78 min. 12 sec.)
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A feature documentary showing the Canadian refugee process, it follows three people as they arrive in Canada and seek refugee status, showing their dealings with government officials, their hearings with the Refugee Board, through the Board's final decision and beyond.
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Seeking Sanctuary: Draft Dodgers. CBC Archives. 8 TV clips, 4 radio clips.
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A selection of short TV and radio clips include interviews and television footage of Vietnam war resisters in Canada, those who helped them deal with the immigration application, Trudeau's response, etc.
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Immigration Law: A Delicate Balance. Dir. by Arnie Gelbart. International Cinemedia Centre Ltd, 1978. 1 videocassette (29 min. 24 sec.)
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A documentary on immigration laws and their enforcement.
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Spirit of the Dragon. Dir. by Gil Gauvreau. Convergence Productions, 2002. 1 videocassette (26 min.)
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A documentary showing the life of Jean Lumb, a Chinese immigrant to Canada who worked much of her life to change the Chinese Exlusion Act and in 1995 became a citizenship judge.
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A Tale of Perseverance: Chinese Immigration to Canada. CBC Archives. 7 TV clips, 5 radio clips.
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Clips witness the history of Chinese immigration to Canada up to the 2005 televised government announcement to redress the head tax.
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Who Gets In? National Film Board of Canada, 1995. 1 videocassette (52 min. 9 sec.)
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This is a documentary on the immigration process, revealing the nature of Canada's immigration policy. It shows a front-line view of the Canadian immigration process in action, shot in HongKong, Africa and Canada.
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Photographs and Cartoons:
The Immigration Program as Perceived by Canada's Leading Cartoonists. Ottawa: Immigration Secretariat, 1987-88. 2 vols.
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Immigrant Voices Chinook Multimedia. http://www.canadianhistory.ca/iv/main.html
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A bilingual historical overview of immigration to Canada intended for secondary students, it includes sections on postwar immigration policy and practice with graphs (e.g. showing how immigration levels dropped in times of high unemployment), and digitized photographs and editorial cartoons.
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Pier 21: Canada's Immigration Museum. http://www.pier21.ca
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Run by a non-profit organization, this museum features exhibits showing the stories of the immigrants who passed through this site between 1928 and 1971. They have a large image collection including photographs and film, with oral history interviews, stories and other historical documents relating to this port of entry for many of Canada's immigrants.
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See the main
Part 5: Primary Sources - Recorded Images for tips on finding more photographs, political cartoons, etc.
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What Is Happening Now (in political parties and government, contacting people, getting involved):
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Besides all the generic tools to keep up to date with political party and government information, to find contact information and to get involved (covered in the main part of this guide), the following are selected sources and resources specific to immigration, refugee and multiculturalism policy, organized by whether they are created by a political party, a government body, or advocacy groups and other non-governmental organizations:
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Political Parties:
Some political parties have developed policies regarding the issue of immigration. Current policy may be found on their web sites. See library catalogues, news sources, etc. to find earlier platforms, policy statements and documents. The immigration critics in the opposition parties should be especially active in providing the party's views, either in blogs, the party web site or other media. (Note: A list of the Current Opposition Party Critics with their areas of responsiblity and contact information is available on the Parliamentary web site.)
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Government:
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. ttp://cic.gc.ca/english/index.asp
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As the main government department responsible for immigration and refugee policy in Canada, this is the site to go to for the latest information. The "What's New" section lists new information posted to the site in the last 60 days, the "Media Centre" has news releases, advisories, etc., there are lots of online services for people immigrating to Canada o applying for citizenship and contact information including a link to Quebec's immigration department. There are also details on how to sponsor a refugee.
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Canadian Foreign Service. Foreign Affairs and International Trade. http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca
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Immigration applicants outside of Canada are served at Canada's diplomatic and consular missions. For contact information see: Canadian Offices Abroad. (The web site for each country will have a "Visas and Immigration" page.) To contact individuals responsible for immigration in Canada's Foreign Service, see Canadian Representatives Abroad. (Searchable by country, region, city or surname.) To see what is involved in becoming a Foreign Services Immigration Officer, see Foreign Service Career Choices: Foreign Services Immigration Officer. (Describes the basics of the job.)
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Federal Government News Feeds Relating to Immigrants. Government of Canada. http://news.gc.ca/web/view/en/index.jsp?categoryid=12
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This section of the Canada Site explains how RSS news feeds work and links to the different newsfeeds by government department, region or audience, including one for news and information relating to immigrants.
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Immigration and Refugee Protection Board. http://www.irb.gc.ca
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The IRB site has a "What's New" section for recently posted information, "Media Centre" with the latest news on the IRB, their press releases and information sheets, and information on how to become an IRB member or interpreter.
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Multiculturalism. Dept. of Canadian Heritage. http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/multi/index_e.cfm
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The web site for the Multicultural branch has the standard "What's New" section, news releases and statements, contact information, etc. Also here are details on the Multicultural Program, with guidelines and application form, and links to some organizations involved in multiculturalism issues.
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Advocacy Groups and Other Non-governmental Organizations:
Canadian Council for Refugees. http://www.ccrweb.ca/
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This large, nonprofit umbrella organization is a key advocate for refugee and immigrant rights in Canada. Their site links to some of the over 100 member organizations in Canada and others internationally. To keep informed of immigration and refugee rights advocacy you can subscribe to CCRlist, their email distribution list, or to the monthly electronic digest "CCR Chronicle", or read their annual report and annual status report, which rates the government developments on immigration and refugee isses each year. They also provide a long list of what you can do to get involved: welcome refugees to your community, volunteer for CCR or one of its member groups, attend their conference, make a donation, or use their public education materials.
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Institute for Research on Public Policy. http://www.irpp.org
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Immigration is only one of several issues this national nonprofit research organization addresses. Their aim is to inform debate and influence policy by researching the issues. Their "Newsroom" section has news releases, articles, studies, presentations, etc. by IRPP staff. You can access their RSS feed for site updates or subscribe to their mailing list for the monthly newsletter: "Thinking Ahead".
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Migration News. By Migration Dialogue. http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/about_mn.php
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This quarterly newsletter by the nonprofit Migration Dialogue group is an excellent way to keep up with immigration-related issues. Articles summarize and analyze the top immigration developments in Canada and the world. Available in print and online; you can subscribe to receive current issues by email.
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National Association of Women and the Law. http://www.nawl.ca/ns/en/is-irl.html
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Immigrant and refugee law is one of the major issues this advocacy group addresses. They advocate for reforming these laws based on human rights principles. This section of their web site brings together their publications, articles and briefs to government on this issue. The "Call to Action" window provides details on recent advocacy events and requests for participation.
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