International Relations: Selected Primary Sources and their Finding Aids
The following are selected key primary sources and examples of the kinds of primary sources available for the study of Canada's international relations. They supplement the general sources listed in the main parts of this guide.
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What Was Said: (Quotations, speeches, interviews, hearings, in Parliament, etc.)
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Canadian Foreign Policy, 1945-2000: Major Documents and Speeches. Ed. by Arthur Blanchette. Ottawa: Golden Dog Press, 2000. 262 p.
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An key compilation of reprinted statements and speeches highlighting Canada's policies in international relations, organized by topic: (United Nations, security and peace, relations with the US, Far East, international economic and trade policy, north-south issues, environment, immigration/refugees, and the provinces and foreign policy) with each section introduced and put in context. Note: This volume complements the 4-volume "Selected Speeeches and Documents" series launched by the Carleton University Press:
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1945-1954: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed. by R. A Mackay. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1971. 407 p.
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1955-1965: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed. by Arthur Blanchette. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977. 424 p.
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1966-1976: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed. by Arthur Blanchette. Agincourt, ON: Gage, 1980. 366 p.
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1955-1965: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed. by Arthur Blanchette. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1994. 168 p.
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Canadian-American Summit Diplomacy, 1923-1973: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed by Roger Swanson. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1975. 314 p.
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A collection of information mostly from offical sources on the 61 summit meetings between the Canadian Prime Minister and U.S. President.
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Canadian Defence Policy: Selected Speeches and Documents, 1964-1981. Ed. by Larry Stewart. Kingston, ON: Centre for International Relations, Queen's University, 1982. 336 p.
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A collection of core documents related to Canadian defence policy, organized into 4 main sections: 1: Canada and NATO, 2: Continental Defence, 3: Peacekeeping, 4: Arms Control and Disarmament. Each section is prefaced with useful editorial comments for background information.
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DFAIT Interviews Video Library. Department of Foreign Affairs & International Trade Canada. http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/library/netcasts-en.aspx
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A collection of over 130 video clips and audio podcasts of interviews with foreign policy thinkers.
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O.D. Skelton Memorial Lecture Series. Sponsored by Department of Foreign Affairs & International Trade Canada. http://www.international.gc.ca/department/skelton/menu-en.asp
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The text of past lectures is available here from 1991 on. Speakers include Louise Arbour, Mitchell Sharp, Maurice Strong, Michael Ignatieff, etc.
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Canadian Contemporary Issues on Tape. Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education and Dept. of External Affairs.
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These are a series of interviews on cassette tape, generally 1 hour long with two 30-minute interviews, most with Robert Reford interviewing. For example:
Canadian Foreign Policy, an Overview with Vernon Turner and Canada and the European Economic Community with Marcel Cadieux. 1979.
Canada and Eastern Europe with J. H. Taylor and Canada-Communist Bloc Relations with Thomas Delworth, 1979.
Canada-U.N. Relations with W.H. Barton, 1977.
Canada and China with William Saywell, 1974
Canada-U.S. Relations, 1976
Canada-Commonwealth Relations with Arnold Smith, 1977
Diplomacy and Foreign Aid with Arthur Andrew and John Holmes, 1974
IDRC, A Model for Third World Aid with Ivan Head and The Development Process: A Third World Perspective with Rex Nettleford, 1979
Canada's Foreign Relations, 1945-mid 1970's with Denis Stairs, interviewed by Gerald Wright, 1975.
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See also Recorded Images for interviews and speeches on film and video.
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Debates in Parliament.
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Use the Index to the Debates (see the main
Part 5: Selected Primary Sources for details) to find the discussions related to Canada's foreign policy and other aspects of international relations.
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Statements and Speeches. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Print: 1946 - . Online: 1996 - . http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Default.aspx?isRedirect=True&language=E
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A key resource in the field of Canadian international relations, this collection of numbered statements and speeches, usually made by the Foreign Affairs Minister, is a valuable source of primary research material. The set pulls together remarks, statements, speeches, etc. made at many occasions and in many venues including the United Nations General Assembly, which often contain policy statements difficult to find or not made elsewhere. Use the keyword search function on the "Media Room" page to search the full text of the speeches and statements from 1996 on. Print index:
Statements and Speeches: Index to Speakers, 1946-1981. By Estelle Brûlé. Ottawa: Dept. of External Affairs, 1981. 71 p.
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Speeches, Statements, Press Releases by all other federal and provincial Ministers responsible for international policy (defence, trade, aid, etc.)
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Search library catalogues for years predating the material available on their web sites. See International Relations - Finding & Evaluating - Government Information for links to their web sites.
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What Was Written: (Political party publications, government publications)
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Political Party Publications: (Campaign literature, special collections, etc.)
Every political party with nation-wide aspirations has had to consider foreign policy. Some parties have created foreign policy task forces or committees to consider the issues and formulate a strategy. To find any documents thay may have produced, besides announcements made to the media during election campaigns, speeches and remarks in Parliament, search the party web sites for the most recent information and library catalogues for current and earlier versions. The following are some examples of political party publications on foreign policy issues:
Foreign Policy Handbook. By the Liberal Caucus Committee on External Affairs and National Defence under the direction of Lloyd Axworthy & Christine Stewart. Ottawa: House of Commons, Office of the Leader of the Oppostition, 1993. 15,16 p. (in English and French)
The Liberal Party's Trade Policy: Third Report of the National Liberal Caucus Task Force on Trade. Ottawa: Liberal Party of Canada, 1988. 15 p.
The Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI): Interim Report of the Liberal Task Force on Peace, Security and World Disarmament. Ottawa: Liberal Party of Canada, 1985. 13,13 p.
Canada and the Millennium: A New Look at Foreign Policy: Statement from the Official Opposition. By Bob Mills. Reform Party of Canada, 1999. 83 p.
New Foreign Policy: For Peace and Independence. Communist Party of Canada, 1975. 3 p.
Canadian Sovereignty, Security and Defence: A New Democratic Response to the Defence White Paper. By Derek Blackburn. Ottawa: NDP, 1987. 26 p.
Peace, Security and Justice: Report of the International Affairs Committee: An NDP Discussion Paper. New Democratic Party of Canada, 1981. 29 p.
Progressive Conservative Program for International Trade. Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, 1974.
Quebec, Francophone Nation of the Americas, Embracing the World. Montreal: Bloc québécois, 2003 62 p. (In French, English and Spanish)
Government Publications: (Royal Commission reports, task force reports, government department and agency reports, policy papers, Parliamentary documents, law and court reports)
Royal Commissions, Commissions of Inquiry, and Related Reports:
Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar. Dennis O'Connor, Commissioner.
Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar. 3 vols: Factual Background - Vol. I and Vol. II, and Analysis and Recommendations, 2006.
A New Review Mechanism for the RCMP's National Security Activities. 2006, 630 p.
All reports, hearing transcripts, background material, etc. available on the Commission's website are archived in the Library and Archives Canada Electronic Collection
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This commission was called to investigate Canada's involvement in this case of a Canadian citizen tortured in Syria after being handed over to U.S. officials who accused him of being a terrorist, and the surrounding issues of Canada's national security activities, and to recommend an arm's length review mechanism for the activities of the RCMP regarding national security. The 3 vols of the "Report" provide details of what happened and the commission's recommendations. The "New Review Mechanism" volume reviews Canada's national security "landscape" post 9/11, the roles of government departments and agencies involved, with international comparisons, and provides recommendations for a review mechanism.
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Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia.
Dishonest Legacy: The Lessons of the Somalia Affair: Report. Ottawa: The Commission, 1997. 5 vols & Executive Summary. http://www.dnd.ca/somalia/somaliae.htm
Research studies. Ottawa: The Commission, 10 vols.
Information Legacy: A Compendium of Source Material from the Commission of Inquiry into the Deployment of Canadian Forces to Somalia. Ottawa: Folio Infobase, 1997. (CD-ROM containing the report, research studies, hearings, transcripts, written submissions, historical documents and evidentiary exhibits)
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This comprehensive assessment of the Canadian Forces was undertaken after a Somali civilian was killed and another wounded during a controversial mission in 1993. In the report, based on over 38,000 pages of testimony from over 100 witnesses and analysis of over 150,000 documents, the commission describes and analyses the decisions and events leading up to the mission and the death. 160 recommendations are made on issues relating to how the Canadian Forces operate, including their operational readiness, planning, accountability, leadership, rules of engagement, etc.
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Royal Commission on Government Organization. J. Grant Glassco, Chair.
Report. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1962-1963. 5 vols.
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This Royal Commission examined many areas of the federal government's organization and management. Their review of the Department of Defence: "Report 20" exposed significant management problems that impacted on the functioning of the department and the armed forces.
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Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada. Donald S. Macdonald, Commissioner.
Report. Ottawa: The Commission, 1985. 3 vols. (a.k.a. "Macdonald Report on Free Trade")
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This controversial report is known for recommending Canada negotiate a free trade agreement with the U.S., despite most of the input from public hearings, testimony, research, and dissenting opinions on the Commission.
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Task Force Reports:
Connecting with the World: Priorities for Canadian Internationalism in the 21st Century: Report. International Development Research and Policy Task Force. Ottawa: The Task Force, 1996. 40,35 p.
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Report to the House of Commons on the Relations Between Developed and Developing Countries . Parliamentary Task Force on North-South Relations. Herb Breau, Chair. Hull, Quebec: Supply and Services Canada, 1980. 86,92 p.
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Task Force on Review of Unification of the Canadian Forces - Final Report. G. M. Fyffe, Chair. Ottawa: The Task Force, 1980. 106 p.
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Toward an International Policy Framework for the 21st Century: Report of the International Policy Framework Task Force. Ottawa: Government of Canada Privy council Office, 2003. 71,81 p.
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Government Department and Agency Reports:
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Publications
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DFAIT is the main Canadian government body responsible for Canada's international policies. On the About Us section of their web site are some of their recent publications including the latest Departmental Performance Reports and Report on Plans and Priorities, excellent historical documents such as the Departmental History, "Canada in the World: A History", etc. Other publications are scattered throughout the site with no easy way to find them. The DFAIT LIbrary Catalogue is available online and the library provides research service to the public. Depository library catalogues can also be searched for DFAIT publications. Some key documents:
Documents on Canadian External Relations. Print: Vol. 1, 1908-1918 - . (Available in depository libraries.) Online: Vol. 12, 1946 - . http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history/dcer/browse-en.asp
This is a key series compiling the full text of important departmental publications on Canada's major foreign policy decisions and actions. The online volumes covering 1946 on can be searched by keyword or browsed.
DFAIT's Office of the Chief Economist publishes several documents, including monthly trade statistics, working papers, reports, etc. For example:
State of Trade. Annual. Print: 2000 - . Online: 2001 - . http://www.international.gc.ca/eet/trade/state-of-trade-en.asp (An annual review and analyses of Canada's international trade and investment performance) and Trade Policy Research. Annual. Print and online. 2001 - . http://www.international.gc.ca/eet/research/trade_reseach-en.asp (The essays and articles in this annual publication describe the results of some of the major trade-related research and analysis undertaken by and on behalf of the department each year.)
Opening Doors to the World: Canada's International Market Access Priorities. Annual. Print and online: 1998 - . http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/tna-nac/cimap-en.asp Outlines the government's priorities for trade negotiations and reports on ongoing multilateral, regional and bilateral "initiatives".
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Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Publications
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CIDA is Canada's main agency responsible for development assistance. The web site has recent publications on Canada's aid programs. For example:
Canada's Action Plan on Child Protection: Promoting the Rights of Children who Need Special Protection Measures. Ottawa: CIDA, 2001. 46 p.
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International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Publications
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IDRC is a Canadian Crown corporation that conducts and funds research on development issues. They have a large library of books and other research publications available in print and online. For example:
Canada and Missions for Peace: Lessons from Nicaragua, Cambodia and Somalia. Ed. by Gregory Wirick and Robert Miller. Ottawa: IDRC, 1998. 143 p.
The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. Ottawa: IDRC, 2001. 91 p.
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Department of National Defence Publications
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DND is responsible for the Canadian Forces and all matters relating to national defence. The above link provides access to a few unorganized documents. There are many more publications available but they are scattered throughout the DND pages.
Selected groups of publications:
Policy Group Documents (Includes Policy Forum documents, policy analysis, etc.)
Financial Publications (Estimates, etc.)
The War, Peace and Security site by the Canadian Forces College, Information Resource Centre provides access to more documents, guides, bibliographies, and links to several other DND libraries.
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Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) Publications
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Canada's official intelligence gathering and analysis agency, advises government of threats to national security.
Some key publications: Annual Report to Parliament, Commentary. 1990 - . (a journal with articles by subject experts), Perspectives, a series of research papers, CSIS Backgrounders.
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Archival records of the federal departments involved in international relations can be found at the Library and Archives Canada. Use the Archives Search Engine or the search page for Government of Canada Files.
Provincial / Territorial Equivalents. Quebec has a Ministry of International Relations, and all provinces and territories have a Ministry of Intergovernmental Affairs which deals with some international relations, mostly trade related. See International Relations - Finding & Evaluating - Government Information for links to their web sites. Some sample publications:
Quebec:
Énoncé de politique de relations internationales : Le Québec dans le monde, le défi de l'interdépendence. Quebec: Ministère des relations internationales, 1985, 204 p.
Guide de la pratique des relations internationales du Québec. By François LeDuc and Marcel Cloutier. Quebec: Ministère des relations internationales, 2000, 364 p.
Playing a Role in Building a More Secure World, or, The Security Challenge Facing Quebec. By Anne Bernard. Quebec: Ministère des relations internationales, 2006, 32 p.
Quebec and Interdependence: Global Horizons: Elements of an International Affairs Policy. Quebec: Ministère des affaires internationales, 1991, 212 p.
Quebec's International Policy: Working in Concert. Quebec: Ministère des relations internationales, 2006. 113 p.
Other:
Alberta's Special Relations in Asia - A Review. Edmonton: Alberta Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs, International Division, 1987, 37 p.
Prospering in a Global Community: New Brunswick's International Strategy. Fredericton: Government of New Brunswick, 2003. 26 p.
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Policy Papers: (Note: Policy statements can appear in government press releases, speeches, and various kinds of documents.)
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1945-2000: Major Documents and Speeches. Ed. by Arthur Blanchette. Ottawa: Golden Dog Press, 2000. 262 p.
A key compilation of reprinted statements and speeches highlighting Canada's policies in international relations, organized by topic: (United Nations, security and peace, relations with the US, Far East, international economic and trade policy, north-south issues, environment, immigration/refugees, and the provinces and foreign policy) with each section introduced and put in context. Note: This volume complements the 4-volume "Selected Speeeches and Documents" series launched by the Carleton University Press:
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1945-1954: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed. by R. A Mackay. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1971. 407 p.
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1955-1965: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed. by Arthur Blanchette. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1977. 424 p.
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1966-1976: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed. by Arthur Blanchette. Agincourt, ON: Gage, 1980. 366 p.
Canadian Foreign Policy, 1955-1965: Selected Speeches and Documents. Ed. by Arthur Blanchette. Ottawa: Carleton Univ. Press, 1994. 168 p.
Documents on Canadian External Relations. Print: Vol. 1, 1908-1918 - . (Available in depository libraries.) Online: Vol. 12, 1946 - . http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history/dcer/browse-en.asp
Another key primary source for researchers, this series compiles the full text of important departmental publications on Canada's major foreign policy decisions and actions. The online volumes covering 1946 on can be searched by keyword or browsed.
Selected Individual Policy Documents:
Foreign Policy
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The Foundations of Canadian Policy in World Affairs. By Louis St. Laurent. Duncan & John Gray Memorial Lecture. Toronto: U. of Toronto Press, 1947. 45 p.
Foreign Policy for Canadians. Dept. of External Affairs. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1970. 6 vols.
Canada in the World: Government Statement. Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 1995. 51 p. (Also known as "White Paper on Foreign Policy".)
Freedom From Fear: Canada's Foreign Policy for Human Security. Ottawa, DFAIT, 2002. 16, 16 p. (2nd ed.)
Canada's International Policy Statement: A Role of Pride and Influence in the World. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 2005, 5 vols. (A series of five documents announcing a new approach to Canada's foreign policy: "Overview", "Diplomacy", "Defence", "Development", "Commerce", by Dept. of Foreign Affairs & International Trade, CIDA, and National Defence.)
Quebec's international policy (see Government Department and Agency Reports above).
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Defence Policy
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Canada's Defence: Information on Canada's Defence Achievements and Organization. Ottawa: National Defence, 1947. 41 p.
White Paper on Defence. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1964. 30 p.
Defence in the Seventies: White Paper on Defence. Ottawa: National Defence, 1971. 50 p.
Challenge and Commitment: A Defence Policy for Canada: White Paper on Defence. Ottawa: National Defence, 1987. 89 p.
Canadian Defence Policy. Ottawa: Dept. of National Defence, 1992. 38, 44 p.
1994 Defence White Paper. Ottawa: Dept. of National Defence, 1994. 50,55 p.
Canada's International Policy Statement: A Role of Pride and Influence in the World. Defence. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 2005. 32,36 p.
Many of the above documents, and others, are available at the: Defence Policy Archives on the Canadian Forces web site and on the Canadian Forces College Information Centre's War, Peace & Security page. Some are reprinted with context and analysis, in Canada's National Defence. Ed. by Douglas Bland. Kingston, ON: School of Policy Studies, Queen's University, 1997-1998. 2 vols. (Vol 1: Defence Policy)
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National Security Policy
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Securing an Open Society: Canada's National Security Policy. Ottawa: Privy Council Office, 2004, 52,59 p.
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Foreign Aid Policy
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Canada Making a Difference in the World: A Policy Statement on Strengthening Aid Effectiveness. Hull, Quebec: CIDA, 2002. 32,33 p.
Canada's International Policy Statement: A Role of Pride and Influence in the World: Development. Ottawa: Government of Canada, 2005, 31,37 p.
Environment and Development: The Policy of the Canadian International Development Agency. Hull, Quebec: CIDA, 1987. 18,19 p.
Sharing Our Future: Canadian International Development Assistance. Hull, Quebec: CIDA, 1987. 95,97 p.
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Parliamentary Documents:
Committee Reports: Standing parliamentary committees exist on important topics of ongoing concern such as the environment, aboriginal affairs, etc. They are independent of the related ministries and include members of both the governing party and others. Their studies and reports can be very useful research material.
There have been several standing committees in both the House of Commons and Senate concerned with international relations-related issues. Committee web sites on the Parliamentary Internet site include information on the committee, its members, meeting schedule, contact information, its studies, reports, news releases, a list of the witnesses who appeared before the committee, and the transcripts of the meetings, called "Evidence". You can also sign up for email notification of any new committee information to appear on the site.
Key International Relations-related House of Commons and Senate Standing Committees and Sample Reports:
House of Commons:
Foreign Affairs & International Development. http://www.parl.gc.ca/FAAE
Previous names:
1994: Stdg Cttee on Foreign Affairs & International Trade
1986: Stdg Cttee on External Affairs & International Trade
1968: Stdg Cttee on External Affairs & National Defence
1945: Stdg Cttee on External Affairs
For more details see Committee History.
For Whose Benefit?: Canada's Official Development Assistance Policies and Programs. William Wineguard, Chair, 1987. 167,185 p.
Partners with the United States: Advancing Canada's Relations with the United States and Mexico. Bernard Patry, Chair, 2002. 340 p.
International Trade. http://www.parl.gc.ca/CIIT Formed in 2006. Previously international trade issues considered by the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs & International Affairs.
Ten Steps to a Better Trade Policy. Leon Benoit, Chair, 2007. 55, 59 p.
National Defence. http://www.parl.gc.ca/NDDN Established in 1986. Before then defence policy was considered by the Standing Cttee on External Affairs & National Defence. For more details see Committee History.
Canadian Forces in Afghanistan. Rick Casson, Chair, 2007. 160, 173 p.
Public Safety & National Security. http://www.parl.gc.ca/SECU Formed in 2006 from previous sub-committees.
Senate:
Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Previous names: 1938: Committee on External Relations, then Committee on International Relations, then Committee on Foreign Affairs until 2005.
Overcoming 40 Years of Failure: A New Road Map for Sub-Saharan Africa. Hugh Segal and Peter Stollery, Chairs, 2007. 189 p.
The New NATO and the Evolution of Peacekeeping: Implications for Canada. Peter Stollery and Raynell Andreychuk, Chairs, 2000. 97, 90 p.
Canada-United States Relations. George Van Roggen, Chair, 3 vols (vol. 1: The Institutional Framework for the Relationship, 1975, 89 p., vol. 2: Canada's Trade Relations with the United States, 1978, 158 p., vol. 3: Canada's Trade Relations with the United States, 1982, 155 p.)
National Security and Defence. Formed in 1992 from previous special and subcommittees.
Canadian Troops in Afghanistan: Taking a Hard Look at a Hard Mission: An Interim Report. Colin Kenny and Michael Meighen, Chairs, 2007. 45 p.
Canada's Coastlines: The Largest Under-defended Borders in the World. Colin Kenny, Chair, 2003. 2 vols.
Managing Turmoil: The Need to Upgrade Canadian Foreign Aid and Military Strength to Deal with Massive Change: An Interim Report. Colin Kenny and Michael Meighen, Chairs, 2006. 314 p.
Human Rights. Deals with human rights generally, but issues often have international aspects.
Enhancing Canada's Role in the OAS: Canadian Adherence to the American Convention on Human Rights. Shirley Maheu, Chair, 2003. 82, 83 p.
Promises to Keep: Implementing Canada's Human Rights Obligations. Raynell Andreychuk and Sheila Finestone, Chairs, 2001. 59, 63 p.
Subcommittees, Joint House and Senate, and Special Committees can be created at any time to examine specific issues. For example:
Subcommittee on the Review of the Antiterrorism Act, H. of C. Stdg Cttee on Public Safety & National Security.
Rights, Limits, Security: A Comprehensive Review of the Anti-Terrorism Act and Related issues. Gord Brown, Chair. 2007. 137 p.
Subcommittee on International Trade, Trade Disputes and Investment, H. of C. Stdg Cttee on Foreign Affairs & International Trade.
Canada and the Multilateral Agreement on Investment. Bob Speller, Chair, 1997. 80 p.
Special Committee of the Senate on National Defence.
Canada's Land Forces. Henry Hicks, Chair, 1989. 141 p.
Special House of Commons Committee on the Review of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act and the Security Offences Act.
In Flux but not in Crisis. Blaine Thacker, Chair, 1990. 229, 234 p.
Special Joint Committee on Canada's International Relations.
Independence and Internationalism. Jean-Maurice Simard and Tom Hockin, Chairs, 1986. 196, 210 p.
Special Joint Committee on Reviewing Canadian Foreign Policy.
Canada's Foreign Policy: Principles and Priorities for the Future: The Position Papers. Alan MacEachen and Jean Gauthier, Chairs, 1994. 118 p.
Special Joint Committee on Canada's Defence Policy.
Security in a Changing World. Pierre de Bané and William Rompkey, Chairs, 1994. 2 vols.
Check the House of Commons and Senate Journals and Debates Indexes for the time period relevant to your research to see if any other parliamentary committees examined international relations issues at that time. The proceedings of committee meetings may also provide valuable research material.
See the main Part 5: Primary Sources - Government Publications for tips on finding more committee reports.
NOTE: Advocacy groups, individuals and government bodies can submit briefs to committees informing them of the impact of proposed legislation or commenting on the issue under study. These may be found as part of the committee Evidence, on the group's or committee's web site, or in library catalogues by authoring body.
Other Parliamentary Documents: Use the main Part 4: Finding & Evaluating Government Information and Part 5: Selected Primary Sources to see how to search the Debates, Parliamentary Journals, etc. for bills, questions asked in Parliament, etc.
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Law & Legislation and Court Reports:
Current major Acts and Regulations dealing with Canada's international relations, defence, national security, foreign aid, etc. are available at the Justice Canada site at http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en browsable by title or searchable by keyword. (See the main Part 5: Primary Sources - What was Written - Government - Law & Legislation for how to find earlier versions.) Collections of current, related laws and legislation may also be available at the government sites most directly involved. For example:
Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.
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Consular Affairs Bureau's Laws & Regulations page. Links to the international treaties and Canadian statutes and regulations that govern their operations.
Canada Treaty Information. DFAIT's Treaty Section is responsible for Canada's treaty-making activities. This page allows you to search all the treaties in which Canada is involved (by keyword in text or subject), providing treaty title, dates in force, ratified and signed, parties involved and reference numbers.
Full text of the treaties: Canada Treaty Series. Annual. 1928 - .
The text of all treaties that have come into force for Canada.
Canada Treaty Series Index. Annual with occasional cumulations: 1928-1964, 1965-1974.
Not DFAIT publications, but useful print indexes to these treaties: Canadian Treaty Calendar. By Christian Wiktor. London: Oceana Publications, 1982. 2 vols (v. 1: chronological and numerical index, v. 2: bilateral and multilateral treaty indexes and subject index.) and Index to Canadian Treaties 1979-2003. By Christian Wiktor. Halifax: Dalhousie Law School, 2003. 393 p. Both indexes provide the Canada Treaty Series number and date.
Trade Negotiations and Agreements. This section is the best access point to information on Canada's trade agreements such as NAFTA, FTAA, regional and bilateral agreements, other negotiations underway, Canada's export and import controls, dispute settlements, etc. Has the full text of the agreements (e.g. NAFTA and its Side Agreements), and links to any related official web sites.
Database of Canada's International Environmental Commitments. This database can be browsed by subject, region, title or department involved or searched by keyword.
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Department of National Defence.
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Legislation and National Defence. A brief description of the main laws affecting the DND.
Principal Canada-U.S. Defence Agreements. http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/focus/canada-us/agree_e.asp
Office of the Judge Advocate General.
Law of Armed Conflict at the Operational and Tactical Levels. (aka "Law of Armed Conflict Manual"). Ed. by the Directorate of Law/Training. Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 2004. 246 p. http://www.forces.gc.ca/jag/training/publications/law_of_armed_conflict/loac_2004_e.pdf Used for training Canadian Forces personnel on the rules of conduct in armed conflicts.
Collection of Documents on the Law of Armed Conflict: Hague Conventions, Geneva Conventions, and Additional Protocols, Charter of the United Nations, UNCLOS, Other Treaties and Related Canadian Statutes (Concerning General Land, Sea, Air, Neutrality, Humanitarian Law, Disarmament and Anti-personnel Land Mines). Ed. by the Directorate of Law/Training. Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 2005. 378 p. http://www.dnd.ca/jag/training/publications/law_of_armed_conflict/collection_of_docs_on_loac_2005_en.pdf Updated regularly. Provides full text.
International Human Rights Law - Collection of Documents. Ed. by the Directorate of Law/Training. Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 2007. 422 p. http://www.forces.gc.ca/jag/training/publications/IHL%20Collection%20of%20Docs%20English%20Final.pdf Updated regularly. Provides full text.
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Canadian Heritage. Human Rights Program.
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Canada and International Human Rights. This section of the Human Rights Program web site provides links to multilateral human rights treaties to which Canada is a party and related documents, decisions of international bodies, information on how to file complaints to international human rights organizations and more.
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Canadian International Trade Tribunal. http://www.citt.gc.ca
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The main administrative body responsible for investigations of unfair trade practices. Decisions are available from 1989 on.
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Canado-American Treaties. LexUM (Université de Montréal). http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/ca_us/
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This site provides access to the full text of all bilateral treaties (almost 300) established between the U.S. and Canada from 1783-1997.
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International Criminal Court. http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/foreign_policy/icc/menu-en.asp (DFAIT's Canada and the ICC site).
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Shows Canada's contributions to the ICC, links to several ICC documents and the Manual for the Ratification and Implementation of the Rome Statute.
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NAFTA Secretariat, Canadian Section. http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/canada/index_e.aspx
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Responsible for administering the dispute settlement provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Canada-Chile, Canada-Israel and Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreements. The texts of these agreements are here, details on the dispute settlement process, and the NAFTA and FTA panel reviews, decisions and reports. The Ottawa office has a library open and providing research services to the public with its catalogue available online.
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Quebec's International Commitments. Ministère des relations internationales. http://www.mri.gouv.qc.ca/en/informer/ententes/index.asp
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The site provides a database of the over 500 agreements and other international commitments made by the province of Quebec from 1964 to the present. Searchable by country or international organization, sector, status, and date signed. Search interface in French and English, database in French only.
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Other International Organizations & Agreements: Canada's economic policy and trade is heavily influenced by the world economy and international trade agreements. These can be important sources for understanding Canada's policies. Some of the major ones Canada has been involved with since WWII:
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GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). 1947-1994. A multilateral treaty to liberalize world trade. Its panel rulings have been incorporated into current agreements such as NAFTA. Documents available: GATT Digital Library, 1947-1994. http://gatt.stanford.edu/page/home. By the Stanford University Libraries and WTO. Provides access to over 59,000 GATT documents.
G8. 1975 - . Annual meeting of the heads of industrialized democracies to discuss economic and political issues. Canada's G8 Site: http://www.g8.gc.ca. For information about and by the G8, see the G8 Information Centre: http://www.g8.utoronto.ca by the University of Toronto.
IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)/World Bank. 1945 - . IBRD is one of the 5 World Bank Group institutions and was established to help reconstruction in Europe after the war. The World Bank Group of organizations provide development assistance. World Bank Publications are available at: http://www.worldbank.org/reference/. For details on Canada's involvement see: Canada and the World Bank Group
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 1945 - . Promotes international monetary co-operation. Details and publications available at: http://www.imf.org/external/about.htm.
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). 1961 - . It's purpose is to co-ordinate economic and social policies among its members, the industrialized democracies. Details and publications: http://www.oecd.org. Note: OECD was responsible for the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) negotiated from 1995 and abandoned in 1998. For details and related documents see: OECD's MAI page.
WTO (World Trade Organization). 1995 - . The WTO Agreements are the rules of trade agreed to by most of the world's trading countries. For the legal texts and other official WTO documents see: WTO Documents Online.
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Personal Papers:
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Published
Bartleman, James. On Six Continents: A Life in Canada's Foreign Service, 1966-2002. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2004. 253 p.
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Browne, J. C. Gordon. Blazes Along a Diplomatic Trail: A Memoir of Four Posts in the Canadian Foreign Service. Victoria, BC: Trafford, 2000. 319 p.
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Gotlieb, Allan. The Washington Diaries, 1981-1989. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2006. 649 p.
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MacGuigan, Mark. An Inside Look at External Affairs During the Trudeau Years: The Memoirs of Mark MacGuigan. Ed. by P. Whitney Lackenbauer. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2002. 208 p.
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Pearson, Lester B. Mike: The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson. 3 vols. (vol. 1: 1897-1948, vol. 2: "The International Years", 1948-1957, vol. 3: 1957-1968.) Vol. 3 ed. by John Munro and Alex Inglis. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972-1975.
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Reid, Escott. Radical Mandarin: The Memoirs of Escott Reid. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989. 405 p.
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Sharp, Mitchell. Which Reminds me: A Memoir. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. 228 p.
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Unpublished
Papers of Arthur Andrew. Library and Archives Canada. (Contains correspondence, subject files, writings, etc. from his career in the army and foreign service. Period covered: 1943-1982.)
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Lester B. Pearson Fonds. Library and Archives Canada. (Includes official and personal papers covering Pearson's diplomatic and political career, with "extensive documentation on Canada's foreign policy and involvement in international affairs". Includes photos, taped interviews, a comprehensive set of his speeches, etc.)
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Arnold Cantwell Smith Fonds. Library and Archives Canada. (Includes diaries, speeches, correspondence, taped interviews, audio, video and film reels, etc. from his 10-year term as Secretary-General of the Commonwealth and his career in the Dept. of External Affairs. Period covered: 1932-1991.)
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Use the Library and Archives Canada Archives Search page to see the descriptions of these and other unpublished collections. See also the other archival finding aids listed in the main Part 5: Primary Sources of this guide.
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Recorded Images (Film and video footage, photographs, cartoons):
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Film, video footage:
At Loggerheads: The Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber Dispute. CBC Archives. 8 TV clips, 4 radio clips.
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These clips show aspects of a trade dispute, ongoing since the 1980's, revealing a lot about Canada-U.S. relations.
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Challenge and Commitment: A Defence Policy for Canada. Highlights of the White Paper by the Minister of National Defence. Ottawa: Director General Information, National Defence Headquarters, 1987. 1 videocassette (15 min.).
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The Minister of Defence, Perrin Beatty discusses the recommendations for a future defence policy as described in the White Paper on National Defence. Video also includes footage of Canadian armed forces in training.
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Embassy. Montreal: National Film Board of Canada, 1956. 1 videocassette (30 min.).
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A first-hand look at the work of an ambassador and the staff of the Canadian Embassy in Holland.
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One For All: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization. CBC Archives. 6 TV clips, 5 radio clips.
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Clips show Canada's role in the alliance from founding member during the Cold War to the present.
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Peacekeepers and Peacemakers: Canada's Diplomatic Contribution. CBC Archives. 9 TV clips, 6 radio clips.
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These clips show how Canada earned its reputation for diplomacy from drafting the Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations in 1948 to the "Canadian Compromise" in Iraq in 2003.
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Skeptic's Journey. Toronto: Prisma Light Ltd., 1996. 1 videocassette (45 min.)
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A documentary about foreign aid showing four average Canadians travelling to India and Nepal to see first hand how Canadian sponsored aid projects are working.
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Photographs and Cartoons:
Canadian Forces Image Gallery. National Defence. http://www.combatcamera.forces.gc.ca
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A database of thousands of photographs and video clips searchable by category, country, date and keyword.
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The Carnivalization of Politics: Quebec Cartoons on Relations with Canada, England and France, 1960-1979. By Raymond Morris. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1995. 148 p.
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See the main Part 5: Primary Sources - Recorded Images for tips on finding more photos, political cartoons, films, etc.
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What Is Happening Now (in political parties and government, contacting people, getting involved):
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Besides all the generic tools to keep up to date with political party and government information, to find contact information and to get involved (covered in the main part of this guide), the following are selected sources and resources specific to Canadian international relations, organized by whether they are created by a political party, a government body or advocacy groups and others:
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Political Parties:
Each of the major political parties will make some mention of international relations related issues during election campaigns. General party policy documents may also contain a few lines. The opposition party critics for Foreign Affairs, National Defence, Security, International Development, Trade, etc. should be especially active in providing their party's views, either in blogs, the party web site, or other media. (Note: The Parliamentary web site provides a list of current Opposition Party Critics.)
Vision Green - Part 5: The Planet Needs Canada (and Vice Versa). Ottawa: Green Party of Canada. Oct. 15, 2007. 106 p. http://www.greenparty.ca/en/policy/visiongreen/partfive
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Part 5 of the Green Party's 106-page Vision Green policy document covers the Green Party's policies specifically on international relations. The Green Party web site also has more details on their views of the "Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America": The Security and Prosperity Partnership: Why We Need to Take a Closer Look at Continental Integration, and other international issues.
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Government:
The budget and planning documents, Estimates, Auditor General reports and their equivalents in provincial and municipal governments allow MPs and the public to see what the government is doing and whether it is working as well as it should. These documents are accessible to the public (on the web sites of each department and agency) to enhance accountability but do nothing if no one reads them. Read, ask questions, get involved...
Dept. of Foreign Affairs & International Trade, CIDA, Department of Defence, etc. Links to their web sites are in the Finding & Evaluating portion of this guide.
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Read the "What's New" sections for the latest issues. Some have a newsletter that you can subscribe to and receive by e-mail (e.g. DFAIT, CIDA, IDRC, Canadian Forces) and some also allow you to subscribe to receive new additions to the web site by email. Contact information is always given. Recruitment information is becoming more common (e.g. CIDA's "working with CIDA" and "Employment" sections, DFAIT's "Canadian Foreign Service Recruitment Campaign", Canadian Forces, etc.). Details on how you can get special internship programs, granting opportunities, etc. may also be provided (e.g. CIDA International Youth Internship Program, DFAIT's Human Security Fellowships, etc.). DFAIT has had fairly frequent public consultations since 1999 on trade issues and even earlier on foreign policy issues (earlier ones through the former Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development, current ones seemingly replaced by the "Policy eDiscussions" in the Canada in the World section of the DFAIT web site). See the It's Your Turn Consultation page for international trade-related consultations. See DFAIT's Travel Reports and Warnings page for the latest government travel advisories, warnings about security and general reports on conditions in other countries.
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Federal Government News and RSS News Feeds. Government of Canada. http://news.gc.ca/
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The "News Centre" on the Canada Site links to the different news releases and news feeds by government department, province/territory, or intended audience such as travellers and non Canadians.
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Advocacy Groups, etc.:
See the web sites of the Research Organizations listed in International Relations Finding & Evaluating Substantive Information to learn about the issues and find links to other organizations of interest. The following are some of the advocacy groups working in various areas of international relations that welcome others to get involved:
Canadian Council for International Co-operation (CCIC). http://www.ccic.ca
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CCIC is a coalition of Canadian voluntary sector organizations working around the world to end global poverty. Available on their web site is the Who's Who in International Development Directory, including over 100 member organizations with contact information and links to their web sites. Also available on this site are the Coalition's advocacy work: letters to government, briefing notes, policy papers, etc. To help you keep up with developments they have news releases, "Flash", a biweekly electronic bulletin of news and upcoming events, and "Au Courant", the CCIC newsletter with news, opinion and analysis of current official aid, foreign, and international economic policy. The "Take Action" tab links to many campaigns and events organized by member organizations. "The "Work Opportunities" tab links to employment and volunteer opportunities.
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Project Ploughshares. http://www.ploughshares.ca
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Established in 1976 as an agency of the Canadian Council of Churches, this nonprofit organization works nationally and internationally to identify, develop, and promote peaceful resolutions to political conflicts and prevent war. They publish Armed Conflicts Report, Ploughshares Monitor, and many briefings and working papers on Canadian defence and security policy, the arms trade, NATO nuclear policy, among other related topics. To help their local groups in cities across Canada and the public to get involved, the web site has the Campaign to Control Small Arms Resource Guide, other educational resources, and two open email discussion lists: "peace-l" and "abolition-l".
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United Nations Association of Canada. http://www.unac.org
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A national, nonprofit charitable organization, UNA-Canada promotes United Nations programs and activities in Canada and offers the public opportunities to become engaged in the work of the United Nations and in global issues. Among many educational programs, they sponsor Model UN and CANIMUN conferences that simulate working meetings at the UN General Assembly or Security Council for high school and university students, provide internships and volunteer placements at UN agencies, award the annual Pearson peace medal for outstanding achievement in international service and understanding, and provide a great deal of information for understanding international issues and getting involved (e.g. Action Guide on Human Rights for community and classroom activities, Youth Toolkits on issues such as AIDS, racism, international meetings and sustainable development, teachers' guides, etc.)
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