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Definitions
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Dictionary of Parliamentary Terms. Legislative Assembly of Alberta. http://www.assembly.ab.ca/visitor/parlterms.htm
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One of the best of the provincial legislative dictionaries online. Some of the terms are specific to Alberta. Most provincial Legislative Assembly sites have something similar.
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Municipal Administration Terminology: (English-French). By Noella Richard, Revised and enlarged by Catherine Bowman, Helene Tremblay and Lois Vincent. Terminology Bulletin 168. Ottawa: Translation Bureau and Federation of Canadian Municipalities, 1981. 134,132 p.
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The Urban Politics Dictionary. By John Smith and John Klemanski. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1990. 613 p.
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About 600 entries have a paragraph-length definition on the term's historical and current significance. Many also have a short bibliography on related sources for more information. Geographic coverage is the U.S. and Canada. Subdisciplines covered include planning, law, urban economy, geography, and sociology, public administration and public policy analysis.
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Facts & Figures
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General:
Under "General Facts" are listed sources that provide contact information, details on the structure of government, election results, etc. as well as broader sources that may also cover important dates, people, places and statistics.
NOTE: Some of the sources listed in the main Part 2 - General Facts of this guide (e.g. Canadian Almanac & Directory and Scott's Directory also provide contact information for municipalities and provincial departments and agencies, and the Canadian Parliamentary Guide also includes provincial election results from 1867 with information on legislators). The following sources are more specialized for contemporary provincial and local government and politics:
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Official Provincial/Territorial Government Web Sites. By Government of Canada. http://www.canada.gc.ca/othergov/prov_e.html
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All provinces and territories have official web sites with details on the government structure, their departments and agencies, contact information, etc. These are usually the best source for current, very basic facts and updated contact information for each province and territory.
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Provincial/Territorial Departments Responsible for Local Government. All provinces and territories have a Minister responsible for local government. Responsibilities vary as does the amount of information provided.
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Alberta Ministry of Municipal Affairs & Housing.
British Columbia Ministry of Community Services, Local Government Department.
Manitoba Intergovernmental Affairs.
New Brunswick Department of Local Government.
Newfoundland and Labrador Municipal Affairs.
Northwest Territories Municipal and Community Affairs.
Service Nova Scotia and Municipal Relations.
Nunavut Department of Community and Government Services.
Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing.
PEI Communities, Cultural Affairs & Labour, Municipal Affairs (more information available at: InfoPEI Municipal Information page).
Quebec Ministère des Affaires Municipales et Régions.
Saskatchewan Government Relations.
Yukon Department of Community Services.
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Official Municipal Government Web Sites. Most provincial/territorial departments responsible for local government have a link to their municipalities' web sites, with contact information, staff and elected official listings, statistics, etc. Where an official municipal directory or listing doesn't exist, the most complete alternative is listed:
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Alberta. By Ministry of Municipal Affairs & Housing. http://www.municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca/cfml/profiles/index.cfm
British Columbia. By CivicInfoBC. http://www.civicinfo.bc.ca/11.asp
Manitoba. By Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives. http://www.communityprofiles.mb.ca/csd/
New Brunswick. By Department of Local Government. http://www.gnb.ca/0370/0376/0001/
Newfoundland. By Municipal Affairs. http://www.ma.gov.nl.ca/ma/municipal.html
Northwest Territories. By Municipal and Community Affairs. http://www.maca.gov.nt.ca/governments/index.asp
Nova Scotia. By Service Nova Scotia and Muncipal Relations. http://www.gov.ns.ca/snsmr/muns/contact/
Nunavut. By Nunavut Association of Municipalities. http://www.nunavutcommunities.ca/i18n/english/membership.html
Ontario. By Association Of Ontario Municipalities list. http://www.amo.on.ca/YLG/ylg/ontario.html
Prince Edward Island. By InfoPEI. http://www.gov.pe.ca/municipalities
Quebec. By Affairs municipales et Régions. http://www.mamr.gouv.qc.ca/repertoire_mun/repertoire/repertoi.asp
Saskatchewan. By Government Relations. http://www.municipal.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/welcome.aspx
Yukon Territory. By Government of Yukon: http://www.yukoncommunities.yk.ca/communities
NOTE: Municipal directories in print (besides the almanacs mentioned above), for all of Canada and individual provinces existed until recently where some have been replaced with constantly updated online versions. To find older versions, search the catalogues of the largest research libraries in your province or AMICUS. (Subject heading: "municipal officials and employees -- [province] -- directories".)
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Official Elections Sites for Provinces and Territories. By Elections Canada. http://www.elections.ca/content.asp?section=lin&dir=ceo&document=index&lang=e&anchor=nf&textonly=false#nf
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This page links to the official web sites of the provincial and territorial Chief Electoral Officers. The amount of information varies, but most have links to the web sites and contact information for provincial political parties, details on electoral boundaries, election results and statistics, reports and historical information on elections past, related legislation, details on how to vote in upcoming provincial elections, etc.
NOTE: Some of these also have details on municipal elections within their province, or a link to the provincial department responsible.
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Provincial and Territorial Representation in the House of Commons and Senate. By Library of Parliament.
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/lists/ProvincialTerritorialRepresentation.aspx?Language=E
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This web page shows the number of members from each province and territory in the House of Commons and Senate since 1867, with a references to the relevant Act when changes occurred.
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Provincial Government Structure:
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An Administrative History of the Government of Alberta. Edmonton: Provincial Archives of Alberta, 2006. 648 p.
From Sissons to Meyer: The Administrative Development of the Yukon Government, 1948-1979. By Janet Moodie Michael. Whitehorse: Yukon Archives, 1987. 166 p.
Government Administrative Histories Online. By Nova Scotia Archives & Records Management. http://www.gov.ns.ca/nsarm/gaho/
Histoire de l'administration publique québécoise, 1867-1970. By James Iain Gow. Montreal: Presses de l'université de Montreal, 1986. 443 p.
Note: Changes in government ministries and agencies can also be traced using government publication catalogues. See Finding Sources -- Government Information.
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Provincial Party Leaders and Standings. By Library of Parliament. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/PartyStandingsAndLeaders.aspx
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After an initial table consolidating party standings by political party, the remaining tables show the number of seats occupied by members of each political party in each of the provincial and territorial legislatures, the number and percentage of these who are women, the party leader and date of last election.
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Selected Municipal and Provincial Electoral Histories:
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Municipal:
Elections in Edmonton. By Edmonton Public Library. http://www.epl.ca/Elections/EPLindex.cfm
Alberta:
A Report on Alberta Elections, 1905-1982. Edmonton: Chief Electoral Officer, 1984. 204 p.
Alberta Election Returns 1905-1994: With Electoral Division Maps and Index of Members. By Ernest Mardon and Austin Mardon. Edmonton: Shoestring Press, 1994. 160 p.
B.C.:
Electoral History of British Columbia, 1871-1986 and Supplement, 1987-2001. By B.C. Legislative Library. http://www.llbc.leg.bc.ca/pubs_internet.htm
New Brunswick:
Elections in New Brunswick, 1984-2006. By N.B. Legislative Library. 160 p. http://www.gnb.ca/legis/leglibbib/Special_Projects/ElectionsInNB1984-2006.pdf
Promises, Promises: An Almanac of New Brunswick Elections, 1870-1980. By Robert Garland and L. Gregory Mochum. Saint John: UNBSJ, 1979. 222 p.
Nova Scotia:
Provincial Election Returns, 1867-1973. Halifax: Legislative Library, 1974.
Ontario:
Electoral History of Ontario: With Statistics from the Records 1867-1982. Toronto: Chief Electoral Officer, 1985. 308 p.
P.E.I.:
Prince Edward Island Historical Review of Provincial Election Results 1900 to 26 February 2001. By Lowell Croken and Norma Palmer. Charlottetown: Elections P.E.I., 2001. 145 p.
Quebec:
Statistiques électorales du Québec, 1867-1989. 3rd ed. By Pierre Drouilly. Quebec: Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale, 1990. 692 p.
Saskatchewan:
Provincial Elections in Saskatchewan, 1905-1987. 3rd ed. Regina: Chief Electoral Officer, 1987. 236 p.
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Dates:
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Sitting Days of the Provincial and Territorial Legislatures by Calendar Year 1987 to Date. Library of Parliament. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/SittingDays.aspx?Language=E
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People:
The following are examples of biographical information sources on people involved in postwar municipal and provincial government and politics. For contact information see Primary Sources - What's Happening Now.
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Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec 1792-1992. By Gaston Deschênes. Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de l'université Laval, 1993. 859 p.
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A compilation of brief biographical sketches of Quebec Parliamentarians; also includes a list of the dates of general elections and MPs by riding.
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Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators, 1769 to October 2002: Pictures and Biographical Information. Comp. and ed. by Lowell Croken and Norma Palmer. Charlottetown, PEI: Elections P.E.I., 2005. 59 p. http://www.gov.pe.ca/lg/gallery/index.php3
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The PEI web site called "Lieutenant Governors Gallery" is updated more frequently than the book, which also appears on this site in a .pdf file.
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The Growth of the N.D.P. in B.C., 1900-1970: 81 Political Biographies. By Daisy de Jong Webster. Vancouver, Broadway Printers, 1970. 103 p.
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The Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1758-1983: A Biographical Directory. Ed. and rev. by Shirley Elliott. Halifax: Province of Nova Scotia, 1984. 397 p.
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Has brief sketches of Members. Lists include Premiers, Speakers, Opposition Leaders, and more.
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Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners - Historical List. By Library of Parliament. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/LieutenantGovernors.aspx?Province=&Current=False
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This list of all provincial Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners includes a photograph, brief biographical information, dates of elections ran in and results, years of service, party affiliation, portfolios held, etc.
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The Mantle of Leadership: Premiers of the North-West Territories and Alberta, 1897-2005. By Sandra Perry et. al. Edmonton: Legislative Assembly of Alberta, 2006. 753 p.
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Minding the House: A Biographical Guide to Prince Edward Island MLAs, 1873-1993. Ed. by Blair Weeks. Charlottetown, PEI: Acorn Press & Association of Former MLAs of PEI, 2002. 217 p.
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Has biographies and electoral histories of the premiers and over 400 members of the PEI Legislative Assembly.
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Premiers of New Brunswick. Legislative Library of New Brunswick. http://www.gnb.ca/legis/leglibbib/Special_Projects/premiers.asp
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Lists all New Brunswick Premiers, their terms of office and party, and links to a pdf file with a 1- or 2-page biography.
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Provincial and Territorial Cabinets - Current List. Library of Parliament. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/ProvinceTerritory/Cabinets.aspx?Language=E
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This section of the Parliamentary site brings together all the official provincial and territorial government web pages that list their current Cabinet members. Almost all link to a brief biography, some with a photograph. (For biographical information you may need to click on the names, or find the link on the page given.)
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Your Worship: The Lives of Eight of Canada's Most Unforgettable Mayors. Ed. by Allan Levine. Toronto: Lorimer, 1989. 205 p.
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Profiles eight "colourful" mayors and their reigns: Gerry McGear, Vancouver, Jean Drapeau, Montreal, David Crombie, Toronto, William Hawrelak, Edmonton, Allan O'Brien, Halifax, Grant MacEwen, Calgary, Stephen Juba, Winnipeg, and Charlotte Whitton, Ottawa.
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See also the Note on Major Biographies in Part 2: Facts & Figures of this guide.
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Statistics:
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Municipal Statistics. Budget information, financial statements, tax rates, property assessments, and similar financial statistics can be obtained directly from city halls, town clerks, etc. of municipal and regional governments, and in some cases are available on their official web sites.
Local governments also report these annually to the provincial department responsible for municipal affairs. These reports are available in print in libraries; some recent years also on the web sites of the provincial/terriorial departments responsible (see links above under "General"). Selected titles:
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Alberta: Municipal Statistics for the Year Ended....
BC: Municipal Statistics Including Regional Districts Local Government Statistics
Manitoba: Municipal Statistics http://www.gov.mb.ca/ia/programs/muni_stats/index.html
New Brunswick: Annual Report of Municipal Statistics for New Brunwsick. http://www.gnb.ca/0370/0361/0004/index.html
Newfoundland: Annual Report of Municipal Statistics.
Nova Scotia: Annual Report of Municipal Statistics.
Ontario: Financial Information Return Data (FIR)
Quebec: Finances Municipales.
TIP: If tracing these back to 1945, note that most will have several changes in title and name of government authoring body over the years. Check the full cataloguing record to link to all versions.
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Provincial and Territorial Statistical Agencies. By Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.ca/english/reference/provinces.htm
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Official statistical agencies responsible for statistics-gathering exist for most provinces and territories. Information provided varies.
Note: Almost all provincial departments and agencies collect statistics related to their responsibilities; these may be found only on the relevant department's web site (e.g. Dept of Finance for Public Accounts and financial statistics, Elections Offices for election statistics, etc.), in their annual reports, or other official publications.
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Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.ca Most Statistics Canada databases and publications provide a provincial breakdown for the statistics gathered (e.g. CANSIM, E-Stat, Census, etc.) See the entries in the main Part 2: Clarifying - Statistics for details on these. These and some others also provide municipal-level data (e.g. Police Resources in Canada, Age of Public Infrastructure in Canada, etc.). Search the Online Catalogue for specific publications and data sets, or search "By Subject" - Government, Economic Accounts, etc.
Selected collections useful for municipal and provincial statistics:
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Community Profiles. Data from the last few Censuses for cities, towns, villages, Indian reserves and settlements, counties, metropolitan areas and health regions.
Historical Statistics of New Brunswick. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1984. 231 p.
Maps and Geography. Maps and reference materials describing the boundaries used for Statistics Canada data within the provinces, cities, and other areas.
Provincial/Territorial Profiles. The print and electronic versions of the Profiles series provide census variables by province and territory for all the latest censuses.
TIP: If you are a student or faculty member at a Canadian university, check whether your university library is a member of DLI - the Data Liberation Initiative. This will enable you to access for free, more information than what is available on the Statistics Canada web site.
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Finding Aids:
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Finding Canadian Statistics. By Laine Ruus, University of Toronto, Data Library Service. http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/datalib/other/findcans.htm
The best guide to finding Canadian statistics. See "cities" and "provincial statistics" as special topics.
Index to Municipal Data, 1982. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1982. 553 p. Cat. no. 11-515.
List of Provincial and Territorial Government Statistical Publications. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1986. 59 p.
Small Area Data Guide: A List of Sources. Toronto: ICURR Press, 1991. 267 p.
A list of the data available to the public, whether in print or on request as custom tabulations from a database, it does not include municipal government or private sources, although Appendix A lists the type of data available from municipal and regional governments. Part 1 lists federal sources, and Part 2 lists provincial/territorial sources with each chapter on a province subdivided into geographic levels for which the province/territory provides information, giving the source, title, format, frequencey, contact information and special notes on availability.
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NOTE: Many provincial publications include statistics. If significant, they will be catalogued with "statistics" as part of a subject heading. Search your library's catalogue using the keywords in the subject field: statistics and [the name of the province] to find these. Otherwise, check the main official publications of the government or its departments, agencies, etc. responsible for or most closely related to your topic. Their annual reports and similar publications will likely contain some statistics.
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Overview & Background Information
A few very brief but useful overviews:
Canada Offers its People an Array of Local Governments. By Nick Swift. July 8, 2003. This brief article provides a quick overview of local government in Canada.
The Differences Between Provinces and Territories. Information Sheet 7. By the Yukon Legislative Assembly. Describes differences in the structure and powers of government between the provinices and territories and among the three territories.
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Encyclopedias:
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Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Canadian Provinces. 5th ed. Detroit, MI: U.X.L., 2007. 276 p.
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Intended for Grades 6-9, this encyclopedia has about 20 pages on each province and territory, covering basic facts and a brief introduction to its history, economy, geography, social demographics, government and politics. Each has a map, a list of premiers/territorial leaders, and other information under 40 headings, such as environmental protection, public finance, industry, etc.
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"Provinces & Territories" Section,
Canadian Encyclopedia.
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The Provinces & Territories subject heading brings together the essays, of varying lengths, on each province and territory. Most have a "Government & Politics" subheading which includes a few paragraphs on local government as well.
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A few provinces have their own encyclopedia:
Encyclopedia of British Columbia. Ed. by Daniel Francis. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing, 2002.
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Topics covered include BC government and politics. Online version requires subscription.
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Encyclopedia of Manitoba. Ed. by Ingeborg Boyens. Winnipeg: Great Plains Publications, 2007.
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Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador. St. John's, NL: Harry Cuff Pub. and J.R. Smallwood Centre for Newfoundland Studies, Memorial University, 1997. 5 vols., on CD-ROM and online: http://enl.cuff.com/
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Encyclopédie du Québec. Ed. by Louis Landry. Montreal: Éditions de l'Homme, 1973. 2 vols., 1,010 p.
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Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina, 2005. 1,071 p. http://www.esask.ca/
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Includes subject entry: "Politics & Government". Also has an alphabetical entry list and image index.
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Annual Reviews:
Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1901 - . (Title varies.)
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Essays provide a survey of politics and related subjects in each province or region, and nationally. Also has a chapter on municipal affairs.
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L'Année Politique au Québec. Montreal, QC: Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal. 1987-1998. http://www.pum.umontreal.ca/apqc/index.html
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These annual volumes can be browsed by date and headlines or searched by keyword.
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Textbooks (Selected Titles):
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City Politics, Canada. By James Lightbody. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2006. 576 p.
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An introduction to the politics and policies of municipal institutions, this textbook also provides an overview of metropolitan politics, theories of non-partisanship, the impact of intergovernmental and worldwide issues on urban politics and government.
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Local Government in Canada. Ed. by C. Richard Tindal and Susan Nobes Tindal. 6th ed. Toronto: Nelson, 2004. 416 p.
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This is the most frequently used textbook in university-level courses. It provides a good introduction to government at the municipal or local level, with a select bibliography for further reading. Issues covered include the future of local government, past issues, pressures, restructuring, finances, policy making, intergovernmental relations, etc.
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Provinces: Canadian Provincial Politics. Ed. by Christopher Dunn. 2nd. ed. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2006. 540 p.
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Essays by leading scholars cover provincial politics in general, its structures and processes, provincial political economies and public policy.
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The Provincial State in Canada: Politics in the Provinces and Territories. Ed. by Keith Brownsey and Michael Howlett. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2001. 494 p.
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Thirteen chapters, each on a province or territory, provide an overview of the political development in each, with extensive reference notes. There is also an introductory chapter by the editors and a final one on comparative provincial politics.
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Parliamentary and Legislative Research Papers:
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Devolution of Programme Responsibilities: Community Empowerment or Fiscal Downloading? By Alison Drummond. Background Paper 0191/97-98. Toronto: Ontario Legislative Library, 1997. 7 p.
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Electoral Reform Initiatives in Canadian Provinces. By James Robertson and Michael Rowland. PRB04-17E. Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information & Research Service, Rev. 2006. 18 p. http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0417-e.htm
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Provides an overview of recent electoral reform initiatives in five provinces, a chronology and links to their web sites.
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Municipal Restructuring and Megacities in Ontario. By Jerry Richmond. Current Issue Paper no. 205. Toronto: Ontario Legislative Library, Research & Information Services, 2000. 16 p.
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Reviews municipal restructuring in Ontario since 1995, Toronto's experience, and the argumetns for and against the megacity model.
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Municipalities, the Constitution, and the Canadian Federal System. By Michael Dewing, William Young and Erin Tolley. Background Paper BP-276. Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Parliamentary Information & Research Service, Rev. 2006. 23 p. ttp://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp276-e.htm
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Gives an excellent historical overview of municipalities in the Canadian federal system and the debate over constitutional recognition for cities.
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