A PDF version of the 2015-2016 Academic Calendar is available here.

Table of Contents

Academic Calendar 2015-2016 (March 2015)
I. General Information and Admissions
1. Welcome to Mount Allison University
2. Glossary of Academic Terms and Calendar of Events
Definitions
Calendar of Events 2015-2016
Provisional Calendar of Events 2016-2017 (subject to change)
3. Admission
3.1. Contact Information
3.2. Admission to the University
3.2.1. Admission Criteria
3.2.2. Students with Disabilities
3.2.3. Early Admission
3.2.4. Refusal of Admission
3.2.5. Special Circumstances
3.3. Minimum General Admission Requirements
3.3.1. Provincial Requirements
3.3.2. Minimum Grade/Average
3.4. Additional Admission Requirements
3.4.1. University Preparatory Courses
3.4.2. Requirements for Specific Programs
3.4.3. Provincial Guidelines
3.5. Notes on Entry to First-Year Courses
3.6. Requirements for Non-Canadian Education Systems
3.6.1. American School System
3.6.2. General Certificate of Education (GCE)
3.6.3. International Baccalaureate
3.6.4. Baccalaureate
3.6.5. Other Educational Systems
3.7. English Requirements
3.8. Mature Students
3.9. Admission with Advanced Standing
3.9.1. International Baccalaureate
3.9.2. Collège d'Enseignement Général et Professionnel (CEGEP)
3.9.3. General Certificate of Education (GCE)
3.9.4. Advanced Placement 'AP' Program
3.10. Transfer Students
3.10.1. Transfer Credits
3.11. Challenge for Credit
3.11.1. Eligibility for Challenge for Credit
3.11.2. Regulations and Procedures for Challenge for Credit
3.12. Visiting Students
3.13. Exchange Students
3.14. Special Circumstances
3.15. Graduate Studies
4. Fees
4.1. Fees and Expenses
4.1.1. Full-time/Part-time Enrolment - Fall and Winter terms
4.1.2. Tuition Fees
4.1.3. Overload Fees for Full-Time Students
4.1.4. Auditing Fees
4.1.5. Mail Service Fee and Fitness Centre Fee
4.1.6. Student Organization Fees
4.1.7. Other Fees
4.1.8. Fieldwork and Travel: Expenses and Liability
4.1.9. Instructional Supplies Fees
4.1.10. Study Abroad and Exchange Fee
4.1.11. Residence, Communications and Meal Plan Fees
4.1.12. Mountie Money
4.2. Deposits for Full-Time Students
4.2.1. Registration Deposits for New Students
4.2.2. Residence Deposits for New Students
4.2.3. Refunds of Residence Deposits
4.2.4. Registration Deposits for Returning Students
4.2.5. Residence Deposits for Returning Students
4.2.6. Registration Deposits for January Admissions (New and Former Students)
4.2.7. Residence Deposits for January Admissions (New and Former Students)
4.3. Payment of Fees
4.3.1. Payments and Charges
4.3.2. Fall and Winter Payments by Part-Time Students
4.3.3. Fall Payments by Full-time Students
4.3.4. Winter Payments by Full-time Students
4.3.5. Fall and Winter Payments for Students Participating in Exchange Programs
4.3.6. Method of Payment
4.3.7. Reducing the Amount of Payments
4.4. Late Fees and Interest Charges
4.4.1. Late Processing Fees
4.4.2. Services Reinstatement Fee
4.4.3. Interest Charge
4.4.4. Appeals of Academic Standing
4.5. Withdrawals and Student Accounts
4.5.1. Withdrawals Fall and Winter
4.5.2. Withdrawals Correspondence Courses
4.5.3. Withdrawals - Spring Term Courses
4.5.4. Residence and Meal Plan Withdrawals
4.5.5. Payments to Students from their Accounts
4.5.6. Required to Withdraw
5. Financial Assistance
5.1. Scholarships
5.1.1. Eligibility
5.1.2. Entrance Scholarships
5.1.3. The Bell Scholarship
5.1.4. Scholarships for Returning Students
5.1.5. Scholarships Index
5.2. Bursaries
5.2.1. Entrance Bursary Program
5.2.2. President's Advisory Committee International Student Entrance Bursary Program
5.2.3. Senior Citizen Bursary Program
5.2.4. Bursaries Index
5.3. Pre-Theological Bursaries
5.3.1. The Mount Allison Theological Fund
5.3.2. Application Procedure
5.3.3. Pre-Theological Funds Index
5.4. Independent Student Research Grants Program
5.5. The Donald Cameron and Class of 1950 Student Loan and Assistance Fund
6. Co-Curricular Life
6.1. The Mount Allison Students' Union
6.2. The Argosy Weekly
6.3. CHMA FM
6.4. Windsor Theatre
6.5. Residence Council
6.6. The Pond
6.7. Student Employment
6.8. Accommodation
6.8.1. Residences
6.8.2. Residence Application Procedure
6.8.3. Non-University Housing
6.9. Department of Athletics and Recreation
6.9.1. Intercollegiate Athletics, Varsity Programs
6.9.2. Competitive Club Sports
6.9.3. Intramurals
6.9.4. Campus Recreation
6.9.5. Men's and Women's Intramural Councils
6.10. Religious Life on Campus
6.10.1. Introduction
6.10.2. The Chapel
6.10.3. Worship
6.10.4. The Chaplain
6.10.5. Student Groups
6.10.6. Programs
6.11. Student Life
6.11.1. The Director of Student Life
6.11.2. Academic Concerns
6.11.3. Academic Support
6.11.4. Writing Resource Centre
6.11.5. Math Resource Centre
6.11.6. Residence Academic Mentors
6.11.7. Academic Tutors
6.12. Student Life Resources
6.12.1. Personal Counselling
6.12.2. Sexual Harassment Advisor
6.12.3. Career Services Office
6.12.4. Employment
6.12.5. Health Services
6.12.6. Student Health Insurance
6.12.7. Dietary and Nutritional Concerns
6.12.8. Lifestyle Concerns
6.12.9. Landlord/Tenant Concerns
6.12.10. International Students
6.12.11. Governance
6.13. Services for Students With Disabilities
6.13.1. Policy on Students with Disabilities
6.13.2. The Meighen Centre
7. General Information
7.1. The Mount Allison University Libraries and Archives
7.2. The Libraries' Endowment Funds
7.3. The Mount Allison Federated Alumni, Inc.
7.3.1. Alumni Board of Directors
7.4. Computer Facilities
7.4.1. Software
7.4.2. Campus Network
7.4.3. Residence Networking
7.4.4. Computing Services
7.5. Mount Allison University Bookstore
7.6. Banking Services
7.7. Performing Arts Series
8. Personnel
8.1. Officers of the University
8.2. The Regents of Mount Allison
8.3. The Senate of Mount Allison
8.4. Officers of Administration
8.5. Chancellors Emeriti
8.6. Presidents Emeriti
8.7. Registrars Emeriti
8.8. Professors Emeriti
8.9. Librarians Emeriti
8.10. Academic Staff
8.10.1. Professors
8.10.2. Librarians
8.11. Meighen Centre
8.12. Student Life
8.13. Department of Physical Recreation and Athletics
9. Lectureships, Trusts and Fellowships; Endowed Chairs; Faculty Awards
9.1. Lectureships, Trusts and Fellowships
9.1.1. The Josiah Wood Lectureship
9.1.2. The Bronfman Lecture Series
9.1.3. The Crake Lectureship in Classical Studies
9.1.4. The Wilford B. Jonah Lecture Series
9.1.5. Crake Doctoral Fellowship in Classics
9.1.6. The Ebbutt Memorial Trust for Religious Studies
9.2. Endowed Chairs
9.2.1. Clement Chandler Avard and Florence Sybil Avard Chair in French Language
9.2.2. The Walter B. Cowan Chair in Religious Studies
9.2.3. The Edgar and Dorothy Davidson Chair in Canadian Studies
9.2.4. Fred C. Manning Chair in Commerce
9.2.5. The Hart Almerrin Massey Chair in Philosophy
9.2.6. The Pickard-Bell Chair in Music
9.2.7. The Reverend William Purvis Chair in English Literature
9.2.8. The Obed Edmund Smith Chair in Physics
9.2.9. The Obed Edmund Smith Chair in Mathematics
9.2.10. The Stiles-Bennett Chair in History
9.2.11. The Josiah Wood Chair in Classics
9.2.12. The Charles and Joseph Allison Chair of English Language and Literature
9.3. Faculty Awards
9.3.1. The Herbert and Leota Tucker Award
9.3.2. Imasco Paul Paré Medal and Awards of Excellence
II. Academic Regulations
10. Academic Regulations
10.1. Communication
10.2. Courses of Instruction
10.3. Registration
10.3.1. Registration Procedures (Adding Courses)
10.3.2. Registration Deadline
10.3.3. Registration Deadline (Correspondence Courses)
10.3.4. Determining Year Level
10.3.5. Normal Course Loads and Overloads (Fall and Winter terms)
10.3.6. Normal Course Loads and Overloads (Spring/Summer term)
10.3.7. Repeating Courses
10.3.8. Auditing Courses
10.4. Changes in Registration and Withdrawal
10.4.1. Deadline for Registration Changes
10.4.2. Changing Programs
10.4.3. Withdrawal Without Penalty
10.4.4. Course Withdrawal After the Deadline
10.4.5. Withdrawal from University
10.5. Transfer Credits
10.5.1. Letter of Permission to Take Courses at another Institution
10.6. Academic Integrity
10.6.1. Academic Misconduct
10.6.2. Allegations of Academic Misconduct
10.6.3. Academic Sanctions
10.7. Missed Coursework or Tests
10.7.1. Missed Coursework or Tests
10.8. Examination Regulations
10.8.1. Scheduled Tests and Final Examinations (Fall and Winter terms)
10.8.2. Scheduled Tests and Final Examinations (Spring/Summer term)
10.8.3. Viewing Examination Papers
10.8.4. Accommodations for Missed Final Examinations
10.8.5. Extended Deadlines for Completion of Course Work
10.8.6. Special Examinations
10.9. Evaluations of Student Performance
10.9.1. Grading Policies for Courses
10.9.2. Reporting of Grades
10.9.3. Letter Grades and their Meanings
10.9.4. Prerequisite Grade Requirements
10.9.5. Grades Excluded from GPA
10.9.6. Calculation of TGPA, SGPA and CGPA
10.9.7. Repeated Courses, SGPA and CGPA
10.9.8. Grade Changes
10.9.9. Re-evaluation of a Grade
10.9.10. Aegrotat Standing
10.9.11. Assessment of Academic Standing
10.9.12. Good Standing
10.9.13. Unsatisfactory Standing
10.9.14. Academic Performance Indicators
10.9.15. Academic Probation
10.9.16. Academic Suspension
10.9.17. Academic Dismissal
10.9.18. Procedures for Appeals and Re-admissions
10.9.19. Disciplinary Suspension or Dismissal
10.9.20. Deans' List
10.10. Degree Requirements
10.10.1. Academic Standing and Credits Required for a Degree
10.10.2. Academic Residency Requirements
10.10.3. Degree with Distinction Requirements
10.10.4. Honours GPA and Overall GPA Requirements
10.10.5. Submitting a Thesis
10.10.6. Falling Short of the Honours Requirements
10.10.7. Second Undergraduate Degree Requirements
10.10.8. Honours Certificate
10.11. Graduation and Convocation
10.11.1. Application for Graduation
10.11.2. Completed Degree Requirements - May
10.11.3. Completed Degree Requirements - October
10.11.4. Academic Costumes
10.11.5. Authorized Hoods
10.11.6. Honorary Degrees
10.11.7. University Prizes Awarded at Convocation
10.12. Transcripts
10.12.1. Privacy of Transcripts
10.12.2. Transcript Requests
10.13. Replacement/Duplicate Diplomas
10.14. Notification of Disclosure of Personal Information
10.14.1. Statistics Canada
10.14.2. Maritime Provinces Higher Education Commission (MPHEC)
III. Academic Degrees, Programs and Courses
11. Academic Programs
11.1. General Regulations
11.1.1. Graduating under one calendar
11.1.2. B.A. and B.Sc. Degree Requirements
11.1.3. Declaration of Major, Minor, Honours
11.2. Bachelor of Arts
11.2.1. Requirements for a B.A. Degree
11.2.2. Distribution Requirements
11.2.3. 3/4000 Level Courses
11.2.4. Credits Required for a Major and Minor
11.2.5. Additional Minor
11.2.6. Double Major
11.2.7. Honours Degree
11.2.8. General Degree with Three Minors
11.2.9. The Major as Required for the B.A.
11.2.10. Disciplinary Major
11.2.11. Interdisciplinary Major
11.2.12. Specially Approved Major
11.2.13. Majors Available for the B.A.
11.2.14. The Minor as Required for the B.A.
11.2.15. Disciplinary Minor
11.2.16. Interdisciplinary Minor
11.2.17. Specially Approved Minor
11.2.18. Minors Available for the B.A.
11.2.19. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Honours Programs
11.2.20. Honours Programs Available for the B.A.
11.3. Bachelor of Science
11.3.1. Requirements for a B.Sc. Degree
11.3.2. Distribution Requirements
11.3.3. Science Core
11.3.4. Minimum Number of Science Credits
11.3.5. 3/4000 Level Science Courses
11.3.6. Credits Required for a Major and Minor
11.3.7. Additional Minor
11.3.8. Double Major
11.3.9. Honours Degree
11.3.10. General Degree with Three Minors
11.3.11. Courses which Qualify as Science Credits
11.3.12. The Major As Required for the B.Sc.
11.3.13. Disciplinary Major
11.3.14. Interdisciplinary Major
11.3.15. Specially Approved Major
11.3.16. Majors available for the B.Sc.
11.3.17. The Minor as Required for the B.Sc.
11.3.18. Disciplinary Minor
11.3.19. Interdisciplinary Minor
11.3.20. Specially Approved Minor
11.3.21. Minors Available for the B.Sc.
11.3.22. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Honours Programs
11.3.23. Honours Programs Available for the B.Sc.
11.4. Master of Science
11.4.1. Committee on Graduate Studies
11.4.2. Minimum Admission Requirements
11.4.3. Time Required
11.4.4. Course and Thesis Requirements
11.4.5. Standards of Achievement
11.4.6. Supervisory Committee
11.4.7. Application Procedure
11.4.8. Master of Science Course Listing
11.5. Bachelor of Commerce
11.5.1. Primary Objective
11.5.2. Requirements for a Bachelor of Commerce Degree
11.5.3. Distribution Requirements
11.5.4. 3/4000 Level Courses
11.5.5. Commerce Degree Core Requirements
11.5.6. Commerce Electives on the Bachelor of Commerce Degree
11.5.7. The Minor as Required for the Bachelor of Commerce
11.5.8. Elective Credits
11.5.9. Honours Programs Available for the Bachelor of Commerce
11.5.10. Commerce with Honours
11.5.11. Commerce with Honours in Economics
11.5.12. Major from Other Disciplines
11.5.13. Transferring to Commerce
11.6. Bachelor of Music
11.6.1. Financial Assistance
11.6.2. Entrance Requirements for the Bachelor of Music Degree
11.6.3. Requirements for Bachelor of Music Degree
11.6.4. Music Ensembles
11.6.5. Recitals
11.7. Bachelor of Fine Arts
11.7.1. The Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree
11.7.2. Additional Admission Requirements
11.7.3. Advanced Status
11.7.4. Requirements for the Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree
11.7.5. Entrance Scholarship
11.8. Certificate of Bilingualism
11.8.1. Information and Regulations
11.8.2. Standards
11.9. Certificat De Bilinguisme
11.9.1. Renseignements
11.9.2. Niveaux Requis
11.10. Pre-Professional Requirements
11.11. International Programs
11.11.1. Study Abroad and Exchange Programs
11.11.2. MASSIE PROGRAM
11.11.3. Academic Credit for Independent Experiential Learning
12. Programs and Courses of Instruction
American Studies
Interdisciplinary B.A. Programs
Anthropology
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
ANTHROPOLOGY COURSES
Art History
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
ART HISTORY COURSES
OTHER ART HISTORY COURSES
Aviation
Entrance Requirements
Interdisciplinary B.Sc. Program
Biochemistry
Interdisciplinary B.Sc. Programs
BIOCHEMISTRY COURSES
Biology
Disciplinary B.Sc. Programs
BIOLOGY COURSES
Canadian Public Policy
Interdisciplinary B.A. Program
Canadian Studies
Interdisciplinary B.A. Programs
CANADIAN STUDIES COURSES
Chemistry
Disciplinary B.Sc. Programs
CHEMISTRY COURSES
Classics
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
CLASSICAL STUDIES COURSES
GREEK COURSES
LATIN COURSES
Cognitive Science
Interdisciplinary B.Sc. Program
Commerce/Ron Joyce Centre for Business Studies
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
COMMERCE COURSES
Computer Science
Disciplinary B.A. and B.Sc. Programs
Interdisciplinary B.A. and B.Sc. Programs
COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSES
Drama Studies
Interdisciplinary B.A. Programs
DRAMA COURSES
Economics
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
Interdisciplinary B.A. Program
ECONOMICS COURSES
English Literatures
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGLISH PROGRAM
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
ENGLISH COURSES
Environmental Science
Environmental Studies
Fine Arts
THE B.F.A. PROGRAM
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
STUDIO COURSES
Art History Courses
French Studies
Geography
Geography and Environment
Interdisciplinary B.Sc. Programs
Interdisciplinary B.A. Programs
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
Interdisciplinary B.A. and B.Sc. Programs
GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT COURSES
German Studies
Greek
Hispanic Studies
History
BASIC COURSES
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
HISTORY COURSES
International Economics and Business
Interdisciplinary B.A. Program
International Relations
Japanese Studies
Latin
Linguistics
Mathematics
Disciplinary B.A. and B.Sc. Programs
Interdisciplinary B.A. Program
Interdisciplinary B.Sc. Program
MATHEMATICS COURSES
Modern Languages and Literatures
PLACEMENT
FRENCH STUDIES
GERMAN STUDIES
HISPANIC STUDIES
JAPANESE STUDIES
LINGUISTICS
MODERN LANGUAGES, LITERATURES AND CULTURES
Music
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
MUSIC COURSES
RECITAL AND CONCERTS
Philosophy
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
BASIC COURSES
Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
Multidisciplinary B.A. Programs
Physics
Disciplinary B.Sc. Programs
Interdisciplinary B.Sc. Program
PHYSICS COURSES
Politics and International Relations
Interdisciplinary B.A. Program
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSES
Psychology
Disciplinary B.A. and B.Sc. Programs
PSYCHOLOGY COURSES
Religious Studies
RELIGIOUS STUDIES ELECTIVES
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
RELIGIOUS STUDIES COURSES
Science
SCIENCE COURSE
Sociology
Disciplinary B.A. Programs
SOCIOLOGY COURSES
Spanish Studies
Women's and Gender Studies
Interdisciplinary B.A. Programs
WOMEN'S AND GENDER STUDIES COURSES
Index

Biology

Biology is the scientific study of living things: their form, their function, their origin and their behaviour. The study of Biology can be an important part of a liberal education, for to understand it well requires knowledge of chemistry, physics, mathematics, and natural history; to describe it well requires a command of language and ability to present observations visually; to appreciate it requires an awareness of human nature, both past and present, and the interplay between humans and other living organisms and their common environment. For three thousand years this discipline has developed to describe living things in aid of the arts of healing, of gardening and of living. Today it abounds with exciting new knowledge and discoveries, so that wise people still read about it with amazement or pursue it with delight.

In this Department three things are attempted: to give all students an understanding of the scope, techniques and general principles which underpin Biology; to encourage independent study and self-learning where possible; to give those students who are seriously interested in advanced studies an opportunity of exploring the areas of special interest to faculty who are primarily concerned with the fields of ecology and physiology.

Students intending to take a Major or Minor or Honours in Biology should consult the Department website and/or a Program Advisor before completing registration.

Disciplinary B.Sc. Programs

MINOR in Biology is 24 credits earned as follows:

6from BIOL 1001, 1501
3from CHEM 1001, BIOC 1001
9from BIOC 2001, BIOL 2101, 2301, 2401, 2601, 2701, 3011, 3101
6from Biology at the 3/4000 level

MAJOR in Biology is 60 credits earned as follows:

6from BIOL 1001, 1501
3from PHYS 1051, 1041
3from MATH 1111 or 1151
3from MATH 1121, 1251, 2211, 2221, or COMP 1631
3from CHEM 1001
3from BIOC 1001
18from BIOC 2001, BIOL 2101, 2301, 2401, 2601, 2701, 3011, 3101
21additional credits from Biology at the 3/4000 level

Note: Additional 3/4000 level courses are needed to fulfill Calendar Regulation 12.3.5

Note: Courses with significant biological content offered by other departments may be approved as biology credits (to a maximum of 6 credits, by permission of the Biology Deptartment).

HONOURS in Biology is 75 credits earned as follows:

60as in the Major, including 3 credits from BIOL 2701 or 4711, plus:
9from BIOL 4903, 4990
6from Biology at the 3/4000 level, chosen in consultation with the Program Advisor

Note: The thesis required will involve laboratory or field investigation, and unless the candidate shows satisfactory ability to carry on independent work, honours will not be recommended. With permission of the Biology Department, up to 6 credits from an approved list of courses given in other departments can be used as the equivalent of Biology courses in the Major or Honours.

BIOLOGY COURSES

Note:  The listing of a course in the Calendar is not a guarantee that the course is offered every year.

Note:  Students must obtain a grade of at least C- in all courses used to fulfill prerequisite requirements. Otherwise, written permission of the appropriate Department Head or Program Co-ordinator must be obtained.

Note:  The following courses are subject to an instructional supply fee - BIOL 1001, 1501, 2101, 2301, 2401, 2601, 2701, 3031, 3101, 3111, 3201, 3211, 3351, 3361, 3371, 3401, 3411, 3621, 3631, 3651, 3751, 3991 (Molecular Tools in Ecology), 4111.

BIOL 1001 (3.00)
Foundations of Biology
Exclusion: Any version of BIOL 1001 previously offered with a different title
This course introduces the fundamentals of organismal biology: the scientific method, principles of evolution including Darwin's theory of natural selection, adaptations in organismal form and function, biodiversity, the interactions of organisms with their environment, and the practices of scientific communication. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours) [Note 1: This course is designed for science majors. Students who intend to continue to study in Biology should note the need to complete BIOC 1001 as a prerequisite for BIOL 1501.]

BIOL 1201 (3.00)
Human Biology
A lecture and laboratory course based on the application of biological principles to practical human concerns. It will introduce the development, structure and function of the human body, and mechanisms involved in degenerative infectious diseases. This will be followed by a discussion of human reproduction and genetics. The impact of evolutionary theory on our understanding of the human species will be presented, as well as the interdependence between natural ecosystems and human activities. Threats to the environment through pollution and overpopulation will be discussed. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours) [Note 1: This course is restricted to non-science majors. Science majors require the instructor's permission to enrol.]

BIOL 1501 (3.00)
Cell Biology
Prereq: CHEM 1001 or BIOC 1001; or permission of the Department
This course introduces the structure, organization and functions of the cell, which is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living organisms. It places particular emphasis on eukaryotic cells. Topics include: membranes and organelles,communication within and between cells, membrane transport, the cell cycle, meiosis and mitosis. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 1991 (3.00)
Special Topic in Biology
This course either focuses on topics not covered by the current course offerings in a department or program or offers the opportunity to pilot a course that is being considered for inclusion in the regular program. (Format: Variable) [Note 1: Prerequisite set by the Department/Program when the topic and level are announced. Note 2: When a Department or Program intends to offer a course under this designation, it must submit course information, normally at least three months in advance, to the Dean. Note 3: Students may register for BIOL 1991 more than once, provided the subject matter differs.]

BIOL 2101 (3.00)
Introduction to Ecology
Prereq: BIOL 1001 and 1501; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: Any version of BIOL 2101 previously offered with a different title
This course introduces current concepts of population and community ecology using local ecosystems and organisms, principally aquatic insects, whenever possible. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 2301 (3.00)
Plant Biology
Prereq: BIOL 1001; or permission of the Department
An introductory course in botany designed to present the structure and function of plants with an emphasis on vascular plants. Topics considered will include comparative evolutionary history, and development and functional adaptations to the environment. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 2401 (3.00)
Animal Biology
Prereq: BIOL 1001 and 1501; or permission of the Department
This course introduces students to the structure and function of major groups of invertebrate and vertebrate animals on a comparative basis by observation of both preserved and living material. Topics include comparative anatomy and phylogeny, and the evolution and function of locomotory, digestive, excretory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems.(Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 2601 (3.00)
Genetics
Prereq: BIOL 1501; or permission of the Department
An introduction to genetics which will address the seemingly paradoxical phenomena of genetic continuity and genetic variation of living beings. This will be achieved by examining the cellular and molecular basis of gene replication, recombination and mutation. Viruses, bacteria and eukaryotes of various levels of organismic complexity will serve as examples both in lectures and laboratories. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 2701 (3.00)
Introductory Design & Statistical Analysis
Prereq: BIOL 1501 and MATH 1111; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 3701; any version of BIOL 2701 previously offered with a different title
This course introduces data analysis, the principles of experimental design and the formulating and testing of hypotheses. It describes graphical and statistical (t-test, chi-square test, ANOVA) analyses of laboratory and field collected data, and discusses their appropriate use in Biology. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 2991 (3.00)
Special Topic in Biology
This course either focuses on topics not covered by the current course offerings in a department or program or offers the opportunity to pilot a course that is being considered for inclusion in the regular program. (Format: Variable) [Note 1: Prerequisite set by the Department/Program when the topic and level are announced. Note 2: When a Department or Program intends to offer a course under this designation, it must submit course information, normally at least three months in advance, to the Dean. Note 3: Students may register for BIOL 2991 more than once, provided the subject matter differs.]

BIOL 3011 (3.00)
Evolution
Prereq: BIOL 2601; or permission of the Department
A lecture-tutorial course investigating modern theories of biological evolution and natural selection. Discussion of these ideas requires an understanding of the types of evidence for biological change in organisms, of Mendelian genetics and mechanisms of inheritance, of sources of genetic variability in natural populations and of genetic equilibrium of populations. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 3021 (3.00)
Palaeontology
Prereq: BIOL 2301 and 2401; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: GENS 3991 Introduction to Palaeontology
This course provides an overview of the major fossil plant and animal taxa in the context of the history of macroscopic and microscopic forms of life on Earth. It discusses morphology and anatomy of organisms in relation to accompanying changes in marine and terrestrial environments and when appropriate it emphasizes diagnostic features of the organisms used as time (biostratigraphy) and/or environmental (paleoecology) indicators. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3031 (3.00)
Molecular Analyses
Prereq: BIOC 2001; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOC 3531, BIOC 3021
This course focuses on experiential analysis and computer modeling of key concepts of the molecular basis of biology, including nucleic acid structure, synthesis, and replication through template-directed polymerizations. The course builds on these key concepts to explore gene structure, expression, and engineering, leading to the wide-ranging applications of molecular biology to biology, medicine, and diagnostics. (Format: Integrated Lecture and Laboratory, 6 Hours) [Note 1: This course is cross-listed with BIOC 3031 and may therefore count as 3 credits in either discipline. Note 2: This course is required for students completing a Major or Honours in Biochemistry. It is open to students from other programs on a space available basis, provided that the student has met the prerequisite requirement.]

BIOL 3051 (3.00)
Molecular Immunology
Prereq: BIOC 2001; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOC 4011
This course explains the core molecular structures of the immune system: antibodies and their interactions with antigens. It places these molecular interactions in the context of the cells and tissues of the immune system and the signaling cascades that regulate immune responses. The course concludes with topics in immunology and applications of immunochemistry. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)[Note 1: This course is cross-listed with BIOC 3051 and may therefore count as three credits in either discipline.]

BIOL 3101 (3.00)
Microbiology
Prereq: BIOC 2001; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: Any version of BIOL 3101 previously offered with a different titl
An introduction to the protists (algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa) and to the viruses. The intent of this course is to make students familiar with the characteristics and nomenclature used to distinguish: (1) cells and viruses, (2) the major protists, and (3) sub-groups within each protist group. The natural and applied roles of these organisms will be discussed. Special emphasis will be placed on discussion of the bacteria because of the great diversity of habitats which are occupied as well as the equally great diversity of roles performed. Laboratory work will introduce the students to microbiological techniques and methods of identification. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3111 (3.00)
Functional Microbiology
Prereq: BIOC 2001; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: Any version of BIOL 3111 previously offered with a different title
This course emphasizes the ecophysiology of microorganisms, particularly prokaryotes, and their key roles in biogeochemical cycles. We will cover the key functional microbial groups which mediate major steps in the biogeochemical cycles, their ecological requirements and the limiting factors on their growth and activity. This will lead to discussion of the roles of microorganisms in current issues in biology and environmental science, including bio-remediation, biological control, climate change, antibiotic resistance, food processing and (re)emerging pathogens. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3201 (3.00)
Animal Physiology; Adaptation and Environment
Prereq: BIOL 2401; or permission of the Department
This course focuses on the physiological processes underpinning a monumental step in the evolution of the vertebrates, the transition from water to land. It examines the respiratory, circulatory, acid-base and osmoregulatory adaptations seen in fish to mammals and studies the integration of animal physiology with the environment by investigating metabolism and temperature. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3211 (3.00)
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Prereq: BIOL 1501 and third-year standing; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 3201 (prior to 2015-2016); Any version of BIOL 3211 previously offered with a different title
This course provides a comprehensive study of the anatomy and physiology of the human body. It examines the structure and function of the nervous, muscular, sensory, endocrine, respiratory, cardiovascular, and renal systems. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours) [Note: Laboratory exercises with students as participants in experiments complement the course material and advance students' knowledge of important physiological processes.]

BIOL 3301 (3.00)
Physiological Plant Ecology
Prereq: BIOL 2101, BIOL 2301; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 4301
This course examines the ways by which plants respond to their environments. Topics include a discussion of transpiration and heat transfer, photosynthesis in nature, vernalization, photoperiodism and response to stresses such as drought, temperature, salinity and pollutants. (Format: Lecture and Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3351 (3.00)
Marine Botany
Prereq: BIOL 2301; or permission of the Department
A lecture, laboratory, and field course summarizing recent advances in our understanding of macroscopic plant growth in the sea. This progress has been based upon studies involving morphology, development, physiology, and ecology. The following topics will be emphasized: the sea as an environment for plants to grow, production of marine plants, morphogenesis and geographic distribution of marine plants, and use of marine plants. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3361 (3.00)
Marine Biology I: Coastal Systems
Prereq: BIOL 2101, 2301, 2401; or permission of the Department
Estuarine, intertidal and subtidal ecosystems exist at the interface of marine and terrestrial environments. In this course, students will study the ecology of these systems at the individual, population and community level. Topics will include community structure, food webs, reproductive biology of benthic organisms, and effects of physical and anthropogenic factors. The course will involve a field trip to the Huntsman Marine Sciences Centre in St. Andrews, N.B. Students will be expected to contribute to their accommodation costs. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Field Trip)

BIOL 3371 (3.00)
Principles of Aquaculture
Prereq: BIOL 2401; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 3991 Principles of Aquaculture
This course introduces the history, practice, and future of aquaculture with particular emphasis on development of finfish aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. Topics include biology of growth, culture of live feed, hatchery techniques, health, nutrition, engineering, economics, and public policy.(Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3401 (3.00)
Animal Behaviour
Prereq: BIOL 2101, 2401; or permission of the Department
A course which will present the development, physiology, ecology and evolution of animal behaviour. Topics to be discussed will include basic concepts of behavioural organization; physiology of behaviour, learning and memory phenomena; behaviour of communication; reproductive behaviour and mating systems; spatial distribution patterns and social systems; migrations and orientation mechanisms; feeding and anti-predator behaviours. Field excursions and laboratory exercises will permit students to observe and to quantify different behaviours in a variety of animal species. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3411 (3.00)
Ichthyology
Prereq: BIOL 2101, 2401 and BIOL 2701 or GENS 2431 or MATH 2311 or PSYC 2001; or permission of the Department
This course provides an overview of the general biology of fish-like chordates, with particular emphasis on the teleost fishes and on adaptations that have allowed fishes to occupy most aquatic habitats and to become the most evolutionary successful group of vertebrates. Topics include: aspects of form and function, ecology and behaviour of evolutionary relationships. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3421 (3.00)
Biogeography
Prereq: GENS 2431, 2421; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: GEOG 3421
This course explores the links between the geomorphology and climatology of a region and the plant-animal environments through a biogeographical approach to ecological studies. It focuses on the geography of plants including environmental controls of plant distributions and the functional and historical aspects of plant communities. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours) [Note 1: This course is cross-listed with GENS 3421 and may therefore count as three credits in either discipline.]

BIOL 3451 (3.00)
Entomology
Prereq: BIOL 2401; or permission of the Department
Insects surpass all other organisms in their diversity and numbers, comprising over two thirds of the earth's known animals. This course will introduce students to this class of organisms by covering the following six areas: structure, function classification and phylogeny, behaviour and ecology. Throughout the course, evolutionary forces influencing the animals and systems involved will be stressed. Discussions will emphasize the use of the comparative methods to determine what these forces might be. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory/Field Trip 3 Hours)

BIOL 3501 (3.00)
Native Flora (vascular Plants)
Prereq: BIOL 2301; or permission of the Department
A field-oriented course on identification, taxonomy, and ecology of vascular plants. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory/Field Trip 3 Hours)

BIOL 3511 (3.00)
Invertebrate Zoology
Prereq: BIOL 2401; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 4511
This course investigates in an evolutionary framework the variation in body plan, physiology, reproduction, and ecology for the more than thirty invertebrate phyla. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3601 (3.00)
Ecological Genetics
Prereq: BIOL 2601, MATH 1111; or permission of the Department
This course builds on the material presented in Introductory Genetics, presenting theoretical concepts used in investigating the genetic properties of populations. The basic concepts used to describe and measure the genetic variation within and between populations will be presented in a lecture format. Theoretical and observed consequences of population differences will be considered. Students will be expected to participate in discussions and debates focussing on topics related to population genetics. Tutorials will provide opportunities to work through mathematical treatments of models and problem solving. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Tutorial 1 Hour)

BIOL 3621 (3.00)
Experiential Genetics
Prereq: BIOL 2601; or permission of the Department
This course explores current problems in genetics through a series of research projects. The research projects introduce students to some or all of: Mendelian analysis, crosses using genetic model organisms (primarily Drosophila melanogaster), conventional light microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA extraction, gel electrophoresis, cytology, in situ hybridization, immunocytology, data mining, and related techniques. (Format: Integrated Lecture and Laboratory, 5 Hours)

BIOL 3631 (3.00)
Embryology
Prereq: BIOL 2401; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 3311
The course provides a foundation to the rapidly expanding field of Developmental Biology, which draws upon the disciplines of Cell Biology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology. This course focuses on the structural changes exhibited during the development, differentiation, and growth of organisms. Gametogenesis, fertilization, and embryogensis are closely examined in a variety of model organisms. Laboratory exercises are aimed at reinforcing the student's understanding of the concepts and stages of development.(Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 hours)

BIOL 3641 (3.00)
Genetic Regulation of Development
Prereq: BIOL 2601; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 3311
This course focuses on the mechanisms responsible for controlling development. Topics may include signaling pathways, homeotic genes, epigenetic gene regulation, and applications including developmental diseases, cloning, and stem cells. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 3651 (3.00)
Introduction to Ornithology
Prereq: BIOL 2101, 2401; or permission of the Department
An introduction to the study of birds through lectures, laboratories and field trips. All of the bird families represented in the Maritime region will be discussed, with special emphasis on anatomy, structural adaptations, behaviour and physiology. The species composing the bird communities of the Sackville area will be examined during field trips. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory/Field Trip 3 Hours)

BIOL 3711 (3.00)
Biochemical Ecology
Prereq: BIOL 2101, BIOC 2001; or permission of the Biology Department
This course deals with the biochemistry of interactions between animals, plants and microorganisms that occur in the natural environment. It places strong emphasis on the role of so-called "secondary metabolites" or "natural products" such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc., in the insect-plant, vertebrate-plant, plant-plant and vertebrate-vertebrate relationships. (Format: Seminar 3 Hours) [Note 1: This course is cross-listed with BIOC 3711 and may therefore count as three credits in either discipline.]

BIOL 3751 (3.00)
Comparative Chordate Anatomy
Prereq: BIOL 2401; or permission of the Department
A lecture and laboratory course in which the structure, function and diversity of vertebrate animals will be examined and compared. It will discuss successive modifications of structural and functional systems found in vertebrates, and speculate on the survival value of these systems and on their relationships to contemporary environments. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3781 (3.00)
Tropical Marine Biology
Prereq: BIOL 2101, 2401, 3361; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 4701
This course introduces the fauna, flora and complex ecological and behavioural interactions of organisms in tropical habitats and allows independent research in such habitats. It includes on-site exploration of coral reefs, reef lagoons, mangrove swamps and rocky shores. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Field Trip)[Note 1: The field component of this course usually takes place at a location in the Caribbean. Enrollment is limited and students should be aware of the additional costs of travel and participation fees.]

BIOL 3801 (3.00)
Theoretical and Evolutionary Ecology
Prereq: BIOL 2101 and BIOL 2701; third year standing; or permission of the Department
This course evaluates theories of population and evolutionary ecology that were introduced in BIOL 2101. Using a suite of mathematical and simulation techniques, it explores the effects of specific parameters on the predicted outcomes of evolutionary models and ecological models such as population growth, competition, predation, and community. The course assesses the limitations, application, and interpretation of outcomes for each examined model. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 3811 (3.00)
Conservation Biology
Prereq: BIOL 2101; or permission of the Department
The field of conservation biology applies to the principles of ecology, biogeography, and population genetics to the mitigation of human impact and the maintenance of global biodiversity. The course will familiarize the student with the concepts and principles of conservation biology and will encourage active debate about threats to ecological integrity and the ways scientists attempt to cope with such threats. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 3911 (3.00)
Plants and Human Society
Prereq: Three credits from Biology, and third-year standing; or permission of the Department
This course investigates the interactions between plants and human societies from the introduction of agriculture until the present. It includes the consideration of the evolution of vascular plants, especially those important to agriculture and forestry. It emphasizes the origins of agriculture on various continents and discusses economic botany and the present day commercial uses of plants. It also considers interrelations between plants and societies in dietary, cultural and religious connotations. Finally, the course considers world food shortages, either present or potential, and possible ways to alleviate these. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 3941 (3.00)
Plant Physiology
Prereq: BIOL 2301 or BIOC 2001; or permission of the Department
This course presents a general introduction to the physiology of plants. Topics discussed include photosynthesis, from the level of light entrapment to that of the fixation of carbon dioxide; translocation of sugars and the storage of energy rich food reserves; transpiration and water loss from leaves; water uptake and transport within the plant; plant defense from perception of biotic or abiotic stress to the plant response; and mineral nutrition including uptake, transport, distribution, and use of nutrients. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 3 Hours)

BIOL 3991 (3.00)
Special Topic in Biology
This course either focuses on topics not covered by the current course offerings in a department or program or offers the opportunity to pilot a course that is being considered for inclusion in the regular program. (Format: Variable) [Note 1: Prerequisite set by the Department/Program when the topic and level are announced. Note 2: When a Department or Program intends to offer a course under this designation, it must submit course information, normally at least three months in advance, to the Dean. Note 3: Students may register for BIOL 3991 more than once, provided the subject matter differs.]

BIOL 4101 (3.00)
Behavioural Ecology
Prereq: BIOL 3011, 3401; or permission of the Department
A course to explore the relationships between animal behaviour and ecology, emphasizing the behavioural strategies which animals have evolved to enhance their survival and to increase their reproductive success. Topics such as foraging, living in groups, resource defence, sexual selection, parental care, mating systems, altruism and communication will be discussed within a neo-Darwinian framework using optimality models and game theory. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 4111 (3.00)
Field Ecology
Prereq: BIOL 2101; one of BIOL 2701 or BIOL 4711; or permission of the Department
This course introduces the basic principles of field ecology research, experimental design, and data analysis It considers various techniques used in quantitative field ecology, including the design of observational and manipulative studies,and methods used to quantify abundance of plants and animals, implementing these in a wide range of environments during the field week. (Format: Field course, Lecture 3 Hours) [Note 1: This course requires a 6-day field course component in August as well as regular class meetings through the term.]

BIOL 4141 (3.00)
Mycology
Prereq or coreq: BIOL 3101; or permission of the Department
This course will give an overview of true Fungi (Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Zygomycetes and Chytridiomycetes), and of the fungus-like Oomycetes. Structure/function relationships will be emphasized, as well as the significance of the various groups in ecology, medicine, plant disease and their use in industry. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 4151 (3.00)
Virology
Prereq: BIOL 2601, 3101 (BIOL 3101 may be taken as a co-requisite with permission of the Department); or permission of the Department
This is an introductory course on virology that will cover the fundamental features of animal, bacterial, and plant viruses. Lectures will cover the biochemical genetic features of viral structure and replication, techniques used in studying viruses, the evolution of viruses, cell defence against viruses, the history of viruses as the causal agents of animal and plant disease, and current antiviral strategies. The role of viruses as agents of evolutionary change, and their use in modern molecular genetics will also be discussed. (Format: Lecture/Seminar 3 Hours)[Note 1: This course is cross-listed with BIOC 4151 and may therefore count as three credits in either discipline.]

BIOL 4201 (3.00)
Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry of Animals
Prereq: BIOL 3201, 3211; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 4201 - Topics in Comparative Animal Physiology
This advanced course in animal physiology will examine the physiological and biochemical strategies animals use to survive in diverse, often stressful environments. Using primary literature from scientific journals, this course will focus on animal responses to environmental conditions such as hypoxia/anoxia, high and low temperatures, overwintering, altitude, environmental pollutants, osmotic stress and UV radiation. Weekly discussion groups on recent topical papers will form a major component of thiscourse. (Format: Lecture/Seminar 3 hours)[Note 1: This course is cross-listed with BIOC 4201 and may therefore count as three credits in either discipline.]

BIOL 4211 (3.00)
Endocrinology
Prereq: BIOL 3201 or 3211; or permission of the Department
This is a course that will cover vertebrate hormone systems generally although some aspects of invertebrate systems may be examined. Lectures and seminars will discuss hormone synthesis, control of secretion, modes of secretion and general mechanisms of action. Also, specific hormone systems such as the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, renin-angiotensin system, pituitary-adrenal axis etc., will be examined. (Format: Lecture/Seminar 3 Hours)

BIOL 4221 (3.00)
Exercise Physiology
Prereq: BIOL 3201, 3211; or permission of the Department
This advanced lecture-based course will explore the metabolic and systemic basis of exercise, the physiology of training and performance and exercise under special conditions (environment, disease). In addition to studying these fundamentals of exercise physiology, we will also delve into recent research and advancements in the field. (Format: Lecture/Seminar 3 Hours)

BIOL 4371 (3.00)
Advanced Topics in Marine Science
Prereq: BIOL 2101 and at least third year standing; or permission of the Department;
Exclusion: Any version of BIOL 4371 previously offered with a different title
This course provides the opportunity for in-depth research of selected topics from the most current and progressive areas of marine science such as advances in biological, geological, chemical and physical oceanography and methodologies such as genomic approach to assessment of oceanic biodiversity and application of remote technology in marine exploration of the deep sea. The course emphasizes specific topics of global significance such as interactions between ocean and atmosphere, integrative and sustainable aquaculture, invasive biology, and marine pollution. (Format: Lecture 3 hours)

BIOL 4401 (3.00)
Evolutionary Biology of Sex and Reproduction
Prereq: BIOL 3011, 3401; or permission of the Department
This is a seminar/discussion course on the evolution of sexuality and various reproductive patterns. Topics covered will include (but not be limited to): what is sex, sexual and asexual reproduction, asexual reproduction and parthenogenesis, the role of sex in evolution, Muller's Ratchet vs. the Red Queen, genetic and epigenetic sex determination, sexual selection, mating strategies of males and females, role of parasites in the evolution of sex, fertilization strategies and hermaphroditism. (Format: Seminar 3 Hours)

BIOL 4621 (3.00)
Genes, Cells, and Disease
Prereq: BIOL 2601 and ONE of BIOL 3211, 3621, BIOC 3031; or permission of the Department
Exclusion: BIOL 3991, 4991 Genes, Cells, and Disease
This course examines the genetic basis of cellular processes and organelles such as telomeres, nuclear architecture, cytoskeleton, intracellular transport, the extracellular matrix, cell cycle control, and the contribution to disease when these processes are abnormal.(Format: Lecture 3 Hours)

BIOL 4711 (3.00)
Advanced Design and Statistical Analysis
Prereq: MATH 2311, or PSYC 2011, or BIOL 2701, or GENS 2431; or permission of the Department
This course investigates how to design studies with clear hypotheses, select appropriate statistical methods, and carry out the analyses, applying the techniques to real data sets. It reviews a variety of statistical techniques including advanced ANOVA and regression, techniques for categorical data, resampling methods, MANOVA, and other multivariate techniques. It also considers experimental design issues such as power analysis and pseudoreplication. (Format: Lecture 3 Hours, Laboratory 2 Hours) [Note: Throughout the course, data analyses are conducted using R.]

BIOL 4903 (3.00)
Current Advances in Biology
Coreq: BIOL 4990
A seminar course for Honours students in Biology which will critically evaluate a wide range of topics from the current literature in all branches of biological science. Students will be expected to deliver seminars on topics outside their thesis area and present preliminary thesis results. (Format: Lecture/Seminar 3 Hours)

BIOL 4950 (6.00)
Independent Study in Biology
This course permits senior students, under the direction of faculty members, to pursue their interest in areas not covered, or not covered in depth, by other courses through a program of independent study. (Format: Independent Study) [Note 1: Permission of the Department/Program Advisor. Students must obtain consent of an instructor who is willing to be a supervisor and must register for the course prior to the last day for change of registration in the term during which the course is being taken. Note 2: A program on Independent Study cannot duplicate subject matter covered through regular course offerings. Note 3: Students may register for BIOL 4950/51 more than once, provided the subject matter differs.]

BIOL 4951 (3.00)
Independent Study in Biology
This course permits senior students, under the direction of faculty members, to pursue their interest in areas not covered, or not covered in depth, by other courses through a program of independent study. (Format: Independent Study) [Note 1: Permission of the Department/Program Advisor. Students must obtain consent of an instructor who is willing to be a supervisor and must register for the course prior to the last day for change of registration in the term during which the course is being taken. Note 2: A program on Independent Study cannot duplicate subject matter covered through regular course offerings. Note 3: Students may register for BIOL 4950/51 more than once, provided the subject matter differs.]

BIOL 4990 (6.00)
Honours Thesis
Coreq: BIOL 4903
The thesis requires a report on one or more laboratory, library or field investigations carried out by arrangement with and under the direction of an appropriate member of the staff. This course is open only to candidates for Honours in Biology in their senior year. A minimum grade of B is required in this course for successful completion of an honours degree. (Format: Independent Study/Thesis) [Note 1: Consent of supervising staff member prior to registration and permission of the Program Advisor is required]

BIOL 4991 (3.00)
Special Topic in Biology
This course either focuses on topics not covered by the current course offerings in a department or program or offers the opportunity to pilot a course that is being considered for inclusion in the regular program. (Format: Variable) [Note 1: Prerequisite set by the Department/Program when the topic and level are announced. Note 2: When a Department or Program intends to offer a course under this designation, it must submit course information, normally at least three months in advance, to the Dean. Note 3: Students may register for BIOL 4991 more than once, provided the subject matter differs.]